are inventors on a provisional patent (PCT ref. no. SD2017-181-2PCT) filed by UC, San Diego that is titled "Assessing risk of de novo mutations in males".

Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are neurological conditions displaying focal disruption of cortical architecture and cellular organization arising during embryogenesis, largely from somatic mosaic mutations, and causing intractable epilepsy. Identifying the genetic causes of MCD has been a challenge, as mutations remain at low allelic fractions in brain tissue resected to treat condition-related epilepsy. Here, we report a genetic landscape from 283 brain resections, identifying 69 mutated genes through intensive profiling of somatic mutations, combining whole-exome and targeted-amplicon sequencing with functional validation including in utero electroporation of mice and single-nucleus RNA sequencing. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis elucidated specific MCD gene sets associating distinct pathophysiological and clinical phenotypes. The unique single-cell level spatiotemporal expression patterns of mutated genes in control and patient brains implicate critical roles in excitatory neurogenic pools during brain development, and in promoting neuronal hyperexcitability after birth.

Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are neurological conditions displaying focal disruption of cortical architecture and cellular organization arising during embryogenesis, largely from somatic mosaic mutations. Identifying the genetic causes of MCD has been a challenge, as mutations remain at low allelic fractions in brain tissue resected to treat epilepsy. Here, we report a genetic atlas from 317 brain resections, identifying 69 mutated genes through intensive profiling of somatic mutations, combining whole-exome and targeted-amplicon sequencing with functional validation and single-cell sequencing. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis elucidated specific MCD gene sets associating distinct pathophysiological and clinical phenotypes. The unique spatiotemporal expression patterns identified by comparing single-nucleus transcriptional sequences of mutated genes in control and patient brains implicates critical roles in excitatory neurogenic pools during brain development, and in promoting neuronal hyperexcitability after birth.