Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease with increasing incidence in Brazil, particularly in the North-eastern. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial and spatiotemporal dynamics of VL in an endemic region of North-eastern Brazil, between 2009 and 2017. Using spatial analysis techniques, an ecological and time series study was made regarding VL cases in Sergipe filed as notifiable disease events. With data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE), a digital population and cartographic baseline was established. Segmented linear regression was used to examine the temporal trends. The statistical analysis methods of Global and Local Moran’ I, local Bayesian empirical methodology and spatial-temporal scanning were used to produce thematic maps. High instances were found among adults, males, urban residents, non-Whites and persons with low levels of education. A decrease in the recovery rate and an increase in the proportion of urban cases and lethality was found. A heterogeneous VL distribution with spatiotemporal agglomeration on the seaside of the state was seen in Sergipe. To better manage the disease, new research is encouraged together with development of public health strategies. Further, improving health care networks, especially primary care, is suggested as this approach has a key role in health promotion, prevention and monitoring of the most prevalent diseases.

Background: Hypospadias is a congenital malformation, rarely reported in dogs, caused by a failure of the urogenital folds to fuse during fetal development resulting in incomplete formation of the penile urethra. The inadequate production of fetal androgens is believed to be the etiology of this condition. It is characterized by urethra and corpus spongiosum defciency, often accompanied by penile underdevelopment, and cryptorchidism. Classifcation is based on anatomical location of the urethral meatus opening as glandular, penile, perineal, anal, and scrotal. The aim of this paper is to report a case of perineal hypospadias in a male, six-month old French bulldog, describing the therapeutic approach. Case: A six month old male French bulldog, weighing 14.3 kg, was presented for a veterinarian appointment at the Department of Veterinary Medicine (Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil) due to a prolapsed nictitans gland and abnormalities of its genitalia. The medical records included recurrent urinary infection, presence of ectoparasites (thick) and ehrlichiosis, previously treated with doxycycline for 28 days (5 mg/kg/BID). During physical examination, the patient was bright and alert showing a good overall body condition. Temperature, pulse, respiration, thoracic auscultation and lymph nodes were within normal limits. Abdominal palpation was unremarkable. Inspection of the external genitalia was conclusive for bifd scrotum containing both testicles, incomplete fusion of the distal penile urethra, a vestigial penis, and an incomplete preputial cover. The urethral meatus was located ventral to the anus, in the perineal region between the testicles. It was also observed the presence of fecal material in the region where the urethra was opened, predisposing the animal to bacterial infections. However, no macroscopic sign of bacterial infection was noticed at the time of the appointment. Complementary exams such as complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, two projections of contrast radiography, and abdominal ultrasound were requested. Orchiectomy and penile amputation were undertaken. Postoperative Enrofloxacin and Ketoprofen were prescribed. The dog returned for reevaluation and showed excellent recovery. Discussion: French bulldog seems to be more affected than other breeds by several congenital diseases, including hypospadias. The reported hypospadias was classifed as perineal, that is considered the most common type of hypospadias among dogs. Urinary infection was related by the tutor and that most likely occurred due to the urethral meatus opening location, which facilitates contamination by fecal coliforms. The CBC showed an absolute lymphopenia probably caused by the infection previously diagnosed. Urinalysis showed no alterations. The contrast radiography showed that there was not penile urethra, which one was ending ventral to the anus. The detailed examination was important to establish a defnitive diagnosis, to choose the best surgical technique and the most effective therapy. Both testicles and penis were nonfunctional, leading to the choice of orchiectomy and penile amputation, avoiding dryness and/or injuries due to penile and preputial mucosa exposure. Urethrostomy was not performed given the location of the urethra and the fact that he did not expressed signs of dysuria, not justifying the use of this technique. Although it is rare, hypospadias is a pathological condition that must be properly diagnosed and treated because it interferes not only in the animal esthetics, but also in its health and quality of life, as it predisposes the occurrence of infections and other possible complications. Keywords: malformation, penis, prepuce, canine

Doença polimorfica que acomete o tegumento e as mucosas, causada por vários protozoários pertencentes a espécies do gênero Leishmania que existem como parasitas intracelulares nos seres humanos e outros hospedeiros mamíferos. (L. amazonensis, L aethiopica,). A leishmaniose ainda é uma das doenças mais negligenciadas do mundo, afetando principalmente os mais pobres, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento; estimando-se que 350 milhões pessoas vivem em risco de contrair leishmaniose, e cerca de 2 milhões de novos casos todos os anos. A leishmaniose visceral (VL), também conhecida como calazar, é a forma mais grave da leishmaniose. Se não for tratada, chega a ser fatal, sendo endêmico em mais de 40 países -altamente endêmico no subcontinente indiano e no leste da África -e aproximadamente 200 milhões de pessoas correm o risco de serem infectadas.Estima-se que 200 a 400 mil novos casos de calazar ocorram anualmente no mundo. A conclusão mais importante dos especialistas é que o controle adequado da leishmaniose em todo o mundo é viável com os medicamentos e ferramentas de diagnóstico atualmente acessível. No entanto, foi reconhecido que existia é uma falta crucial de financiamento, compromisso político e cooperação nacional e internacional. A OMS é motivada a assumir a liderança no estabelecimento de programas de controle eficazes nas áreas afetadas, onde estão mais necessários com urgência. Este relatório não apenas fornece orientações claras sobre a implementação, mas também deve aumentar a conscientização sobre a carga global da leishmaniose e sua negligência. No Brasil, país de dimensões continentais e de alto índice de desigualdade social, a Leishmaniose encontra espaço para tomar os subúrbios das grandes cidades, apoiada pelos desequilíbrio ambiental e falta de investimentos por parte dos governos estaduais e federal. Saber mais sobre a situação desta doença no nosso país, ajuda a entender como se distribui e se dispersa. Essa obra, dá sua parcela de contribuição.Em nossos livros selecionamos um dos capítulos para premiação como forma de incentivo para os autores, e entre os excelentes trabalhos selecionados para compor este livro, o premiado foi o capítulo 2, intitulado "DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPAÇO-TEMPORAL DAS ESPÉCIES DE FLEBOTOMÍNEOS IDENTIFICADAS NO TRIÂNGULO CRAJUBAR".

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