One of the problems of the aquaculture industry is the presence of pathogenic microorganisms whose proliferation is enhanced when the healthy quality of the culture systems do not meet comply with physical-chemical-biological parameters. In order to improve these problems, less aggressive alternatives to the environment have been sought. This is why probiotic bacteria are proposed as an alternative to the same systems where they will be applied, since they generate greater interest in not presenting a threat to the ecosystem, favor survival, improve the immune system of organisms and have antibacterial properties against pathogenic bacteria. This chapter reviews current research related to the search for marine probiotics for application in the aquaculture industry. Additionally, we deliver results from our work related to the research and application of probiotics. The reported studies demonstrate the positive effects of marine bacteria for their aquaculture application. The evidences found in our work allow us to conclude that larval survival is favored by the application of probiotics in the use of vectors such as rotifers, artemia and biofilms. However, depending on the species of interest, it is necessary to study the market for the biotechnological application of probiotics, to evaluate the feasibility of its production on a larger scale and its commercial feasibility.

Resumen.-La demanda mundial de alimentos aumenta el interés en el desarrollo de la acuicultura. En Chile se están haciendo esfuerzos significativos para desarrollar el cultivo de Seriola lalandi, debido a la alta demanda de su carne a nivel nacional e internacional. Sin embargo, esta especie plantea dificultades persistentes con respecto a la sobrevivencia de las larvas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la bacteria Pseudoalteromonas sp. como un suplemento probiótico en el cultivo de larvas de S. lalandi. Para esto, larvas de S. lalandi se alimentaron con rotíferos (Brachionus rotundiformis y Brachionus plicatilis) y Artemia sp. que se cultivaron previamente usando microalgas mezclado con Pseudoalteromonas sp. Rotíferos y artemias fueron buenos vectores de probióticos debido a que las larvas de S. lalandi alimentadas con suplemento probiótico presentaron mayor sobrevivencia y longitud que el control al final del experimento. Estos hallazgos ponen en evidencia que los probióticos de Pseudoalteromonas sp. son buenos candidatos para el uso en cultivos de larvas de S. lalandi. Sin embargo, se necesita más investigación en una escala de cultivo mayor para validar su uso a nivel comercial. Palabras clave: Pseudoalteromonas sp., probióticos, alimentos vivos, Seriola lalandi, sobrevivenciaAbstract.-Global demand for food increases the interest in develop of aquaculture. Significant efforts are being made in Chile to develop Seriola lalandi culture, because of the high demand of this fish meat at national and international level. However, this species poses persisting difficulties regarding larval survival. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Pseudoalteromonas sp. bacteria as a probiotic supplement on the larval culturing of S. lalandi. For this, S. lalandi larvae were fed rotifers (Brachionus rotundiformis and Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia sp. that were previously cultured using microalgae mixed with Pseudoalteromonas sp. Rotifers and Artemia were good probiotics vectors because S. lalandi larvae fed probiotic supplement showed higher survival that the control. These findings evidence that Pseudoalteromonas sp. are good probiotic candidates for use in S. lalandi larval cultures. However, is needed more research on major scale cultivation to validate their use commercially.

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Abstract:The present study evaluated the survival of S. lalandi larvae cultivated in a mesocosm system (50 m 3 pool) and inoculated in submerged PVC cages with mesh walls and bottom (450 µm Swiss Nylon). The larvae were fed rotifers and artemia supplemented with the probiotic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. SLP1 and the microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana. Larval survival was evaluated at the stage prior to changing the diet from live feed to pellets. Three months after feeding of the larvae with pellet, the growth (length/weight) and the specific growth rate (SGR) of the larvae supplemented with probiotics were recorded in the initial phase of the culture versus those not treated with probiotics. Higher survival was observed in larvae fed the probiotic supplement than in the control larvae (t-test=4.896, p<0.05). Larval growth in control and treatment increased, with significant differences observed during the three months. The SGR index did not present significant differences between the contol and treatment. These data indicate that after 3 months there were no differences in the growth of fish supplemented with or without probiotics. The results indicate that the addition of the microalga N. gaditana and the probiotic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. SLP1 in the live feed, such as rotifers and artemia, is a good dietary alternative and improves the survival of S. lalandi larvae. The use of probiotics to optimize cultivation systems serves as an example of an ecological remediation alternative that can be applied to other cultures of commercial interest.