Objective To evaluate the effects of functional appliance treatment on mandibular trabecular structure using fractal dimension (FD) analysis of dental panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods This study was conducted using digital panoramic radiographs of 45 patients with Class II malocclusion treated with functional appliances (treatment group, mean age: 11.39 ± 0.97 years; 23 girls, 22 boys) acquired before (T0) and after (T1) treatment and the panoramic radiographs of 45 control subjects who had undergone no orthodontic treatment (control group, mean age: 11.31 ± 0.87 years; 23 girls, 22 boys). FD values in the condylar process, mandibular corpus, and mandibular angle were analyzed from the panoramic radiographs of both groups. Results Analysis of changes in FD between T0 and T1 revealed significant increases in the FD values of the right and left condylar processes and right mandibular corpus in the treatment group (P < .001) and in the right condylar process in the control group (P < .05). Between-group comparisons demonstrated that the treatment group showed greater changes in the condylar process (right, P < .001; left, P < .05) and right mandibular corpus (P < .05) compared to controls. Correlation analysis between the cephalometric and FD changes in the treatment group showed the right condylar process changes were negatively correlated with GoGn/SN angle (P < .05) and positively correlated with Co-Go (P < .05), although these correlations were weak. Conclusions FD analysis demonstrated significant changes in trabeculation of the condyle and mandibular corpus in the treatment group compared to the control group. Functional appliance treatment may lead to skeletal correction by altering skeletal form and trabeculation of the mandibular bone.

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Background: Majority of macrocheilia is seen as normal ethnic variations in Afro-Caribbean and Asian populations. Various other aetiologies have been reported, which include glandular hypertrophy, vascular malformations, granulomatous disorders and trauma. Congenital causes include double lip and labial pits. Clinical features mostly are related to aesthetic problems but functional problems due to incompetent lips like drooling and speech have also been reported.Lip enhancement complications (e.g. postoperative infection or overfilling with fillers) and trauma-related scar formation are additional indications for lip reduction surgery.Dentofacial abnormalities resulting in pseudo-macrocheilia has to be recognised before any irreversible damage is done. Acute inflammation and psychiatric instability are contraindications for lip reduction surgery. Management: Principles of surgical correction are to correct any underlying dento-osseous deformities and establish a balance between upper and lower lip tailored to the individual patient.We present a case of a 26-year-old Asian male with hypertrophic upper and lower lip who requested lip reduction surgery purely for aesthetic reasons.Oral and maxillofacial surgeons should be aware that "cheiloplasty" is a simple procedure, which is reliable and has predictable results when surgical principles are adhered to and contraindications are kept in mind.

Turkish Journal of Orthodontics (Turk J Orthod) is an international, scientific, open access periodical published in accordance with independent, unbiased, and double-blinded peer-review principles. The journal is the official publication of Turkish Orthodontic Society and it is published quarterly on March, June, September and December. Turkish Journal of Orthodontics publishes clinical and experimental studies on on all aspects of orthodontics including craniofacial development and growth, reviews on current topics, case reports, editorial comments and letters to the editor that are prepared in accordance with the ethical guidelines. The journal's publication language is English and the Editorial Board encourages submissions from international authors.