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The purpose of the study was to scan the brain and related structures in sheep with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3D) multiplanar reconstruction for defining the anatomical regions. Six adult sheep, three of six were male and three of six were female used as cadaver, were utilized in this research. Heads were scanned at 3 Tesla Siemens Magnetom Spin-Echo MRI devices using the human head coil. The processes were acquired in both T1 and T2 weighted slices and were reconstructed by using Leonardo workstation. The cranioencephalic structures and anatomical details were defined and labeled in all slice of 3 planes that were obtained 1 mm thickness sequential images in sagittal, frontal, and transversal planes. According to the MRI measurements obtained intracranially from the brain, the average value of length, height, and width of the brain were 87.1 ± 0.3, 46.8 ± 0.7, and 62.2 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. It was observed that in T1 weighted images were more effective to identify deep brain structures and anatomical details. On 3D reconstructed images obtained from the study can be used as a reference in head and brain MR scans in multidisciplinary studies where sheep are used as animal models.

Additive manufacturing, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is bringing the technological breakthrough in many areas, such as engineering, art, education, and medicine. Two separate themes are described in this study. The first theme is to present a graphical 3D modeling approach of different hyoid bones. The second theme involves making 3D printing models of these bony structures and compared with original forms. Different hyoid bones (horse, cattle, dog, cat, and pig) were used to produce 3D printing models. Hyoid bones were scanned with the multidetector computed tomography (MD CT). Two-dimensional (2D) images were stored in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) and segmentation and post-processing of these images were performed. 3D reconstructed images of the hyoid bones were acquired with 3D Slicer software. 3D models of the hyoid bones were recorded in stereolithography (STL) file format on the computer. These STL images were then used to produce physical 3D printing models with the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printer and polylactic acid (PLA) filament. It was known that hyoid bones are very thin and fragile. For this reason, 3D printed models could be used for these characteristic bones. These 3D models were seen useful for anatomy education and hard to break compared to original bones. It was seen that it could be rapidly produced by 3D printing technology for anatomy education in practical lessons. This study shows that durable, real-like bone specimens could be produced with minimal equipment and manpower. It was observed that both produced 3D models and 3D reconstructed images can be used during veterinary anatomy education.How to cite this article: Bakıcı C, Akgün RO, Oto Ç: The applicability and efficiency of 3 dimensional printing models of hyoid bone in comparative veterinary anatomy education.

Background:The aim of the study was to estimate the volume values of the cranial cavity and nasal cavity structures and to compare the efficiency of manual segmentation of three-dimensional reconstruction and Cavalieri's principle (CP) methodologies. Materials and methods: Volume values of the cranial cavity, maxillary sinus (MS), dorsal conchal sinus (DCS), dorsal nasal meatus (DNM), middle nasal meatus (MNM), ventral nasal meatus (VNM), ventral nasal concha (VNC), middle nasal concha (MNC)and nasal vestibule (NV) were estimated with manual segmentation and CP from micro-computed tomography images in 5 male New Zealand white rabbits. Volume measurements and elapsed time were compared with each other. Three-dimensional reconstruction models of nasal and cranial cavity structures were created. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between methods of the MS, DCS, DNM, MNM, VNM, VNC, and MNC volume measurements. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between the volumetric analysis time period of the methods and CP was found much shorter than manual segmentation. Conclusions: Realistic results were achieved in a short time with the CP among the stereology methods. It is thought that these image and quantitative data results can be used for modelling, toxicology and pathology studies such as acute and chronic rhinitis or rhino sinusitis as well as a good understanding of the relationship of the anatomical structures in the nasal cavity.

Veterinary anatomy education has become a field where theoretical knowledge has dominated considerably in general. Due to the limited amount of educational material and the presence of different kinds of animals, practical education remains in the background. The study is to point out the three-dimensional (3D) printing models of the digital skeleton of the horse with all advantages and disadvantages such as anatomical accuracy, accessibility, and cost in veterinary anatomy. The proximal, middle, and distal phalanx of four horses were used. Bone samples were scanned using a multidetector computed tomography device. These images were processed with various software to rendering the 3D bone digital models. After the segmentation process was made, a fused deposition modelling printer and the polylactic acid filament were used to obtain 3D printing models. The proximal, middle, and distal phalanx were successfully printed. All samples were determined to preserve anatomical structures in high detail for veterinary anatomy education. The processes of 3D printing technology are considered to be advantageous in terms of cost, workload, and time. The process presented in this study can be applied widely to produce various bone models for veterinary anatomy education.