In the literature, burns are understood as traumatic events accompanied by increased morbidity and mortality among affected patients. Their characteristic feature is the formation of swelling and redness at the site of the burn, which indicates the development of inflammation. This reaction is not only important in the healing process of wounds but is also responsible for stimulating the patient’s innate immune system. As a result of the loss of the protective ability of the epidermis, microbes which include bacteria, fungi, and viruses have easier access to the system, which can result in infections. However, the patient is still able to overcome the infections that occur through a cascade of cytokines and growth factors stimulated by inflammation. Long-term inflammation also has negative consequences for the body, which may result in multi-organ failure or lead to fibrosis and scarring of the skin. The innate immune response to burns is not only immediate, but also severe and prolonged, and some people with burn shock may also experience immunosuppression accompanied by an increased susceptibility to fatal infections. This immunosuppression includes apoptosis-induced lymphopenia, decreased interleukin 2 (IL-2) secretion, neutrophil storm, impaired phagocytosis, and decreased monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR. This is why it is important to understand how the immune system works in people with burns and during infections of wounds by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular pathways of cell signaling of the immune system of people affected by burns, taking into account the role of microbial infections.

Conservation genetics is a subdicipline of conservation biology which deals with the extinction risk and many other problems of nature conservation by using genetic tools and techniques. Conservation genetics is a very good example of the practical use of scientific achievements in nature protection. Although its name seems to be self-defining, its specific area of interest, conceptual apparatus and methodological workshop are not widely known and recognizable. The purpose of this review is to clarify any ambiguities and inconsistencies in this respect. It explore what is conservation genetics, what research and practical issues does it deal with and how they can be solved. Genetyka konserwatorska-nauka w służbie przyrody Słowa kluczowe depresja wsobna, ekogenomika, genomika, jednostki zarządzania, obciążenie genetyczne, ryzyko wyginięcia, wir wymierania Streszczenie Genetyka konserwatorska jest subdyscypliną biologii konserwatorskiej, która zajmuje się ryzykiem wyginięcia gatunków i wieloma innymi problemami ochrony przyrody, przy użyciu narzędzi i technik genetycznych. Genetyka konserwatorska jest bardzo dobrym przykładem praktycznego wykorzystania osiągnięć nauki w ochronie przyrody. Choć jej nazwa wydaje się samodefiniująca, to właściwy jej obszar zainteresowań, aparat pojęciowy i warsztat metodyczny nie są powszechnie znane i rozpoznawalne. Celem artykułu przeglądowego jest wyjaśnienie wszelkich niejasności i niespójności w tym zakresie. Artykuł wyjaśnia czym jest genetyka konserwatorska, jakie problemy badawcze i praktyczne podejmuje oraz w jaki sposób mogą być one rozwiązane. #0# Cansel Taşkın, Jakub Skorupski 132 (1974) article Genetic Conservation: our evolutionary responsibility and Frankel and Soulè's (1981) book Conservation and evolution. Conservation genetics is an interdisciplinary science which deals with the genetic factors that affect extinction risk of species and aims to preserve endangered species and biodiversity in general, through genetic methods (Frankham, 2003). This one of the most frequently cited definitions outlines the general area of interest of conservation genetics, but does not include some important details. The following definition shows greater information load and greater precision: conservation genetics is the science of gene pool conservation, to preserve biodiversity and to ensure the continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes responsible for its formation and maintenance (