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Archaeology provides few examples of large-scale fisheries at the frontier between catching and farming of fish. We analysed the spatial organization of earthen embankments to infer the functioning of a landscape-level pre-Columbian Amazonian fishery that was based on capture of out-migrating fish after reproduction in seasonal floodplains. Long earthen weirs cross floodplains. We showed that weirs bear successive V-shaped features (termed ‘Vs’ for the sake of brevity) pointing downstream for outflowing water and that ponds are associated with Vs, the V often forming the pond’s downstream wall. How Vs channelled fish into ponds cannot be explained simply by hydraulics, because Vs surprisingly lack fishways, where, in other weirs, traps capture fish borne by current flowing through these gaps. We suggest that when water was still high enough to flow over the weir, out-migrating bottom-hugging fish followed current downstream into Vs. Finding deeper, slower-moving water, they remained. Receding water further concentrated fish in ponds. The pond served as the trap, and this function shaped pond design. Weir-fishing and pond-fishing are both practiced in African floodplains today. In combining the two, this pre-Columbian system appears unique in the world.

Erickson [Erickson CL (2000) Nature 408 (6809) :190-193] interpreted features in seasonal floodplains in Bolivia's Beni savannas as vestiges of pre-European earthen fish weirs, postulating that they supported a productive, sustainable fishery that warranted cooperation in the construction and maintenance of perennial structures. His inferences were bold, because no close ethnographic analogues were known. A similar present-day Zambian fishery, documented here, appears strikingly convergent. The Zambian fishery supports Erickson's key inferences about the pre-European fishery: It allows sustained high harvest levels; weir construction and operation require cooperation; and weirs are inherited across generations. However, our comparison suggests that the pre-European system may not have entailed intensive management, as Erickson postulated. The Zambian fishery's sustainability is based on exploiting an assemblage dominated by species with life histories combining high fecundity, multiple reproductive cycles, and seasonal use of floodplains. As water rises, adults migrate from permanent watercourses into floodplains, through gaps in weirs, to feed and spawn. Juveniles grow and then migrate back to dryseason refuges as water falls. At that moment fishermen set traps in the gaps, harvesting large numbers of fish, mostly juveniles. In nature, most juveniles die during the first dry season, so that their harvest just before migration has limited impact on future populations, facilitating sustainability and the adoption of a fishery based on inherited perennial structures. South American floodplain fishes with similar life histories were the likely targets of the pre-European fishery. Convergence in floodplain fish strategies in these two regions in turn drove convergence in cultural niche construction. convergent evolution | cultural evolution | earthworks | historical ecology | tropical stream ecology F ifteen years ago, in his studies of human-modified landscapes in the Beni savannas of Bolivia, Erickson (1) identified a particular form of zigzag earthwork in a 525-km 2 area of seasonal floodplain in the Baures region as vestiges of fish weirs. "A fishweir is . . . any structure constructed in water and acting as a funnel or barrier to direct fish into a trap or enclosure or to entrap fish behind it, where they can be easily harvested" (2, p. 5). Fish weirs are ". . . usually built in a flowing stream to funnel fish into a trap or built in a tidal flat to trap fish behind it as the tide goes out" (2, p. xv). The structures Erickson identified as vestiges of fish weirs are linear ridges of raised earth (now 1-2 m wide and 20-50 cm tall) that cross savanna floodplains from one forest island to another for distances up to 3.5 km, changing direction every 10-30 m. Erickson stated that "funnel-like openings, 1-3 m long and 1-2 m wide, are present where the structures form a sharp angle." Erickson identified these gaps as passages where fish-catching devices were placed. Erickson's conclusions, based on the form of these ...

We report on the first outbreak of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) amongst wild fish populations in the Bangweulu swamps, an inland delta, in the north of

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