SummaryLeukotoxin (LtxA) is a virulence factor secreted by the bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, which can cause localized aggressive periodontitis and endocarditis. LtxA belongs to the repeat-in-toxin (RTX) family of exotoxins of which other members inflict lysis by formation of membrane pores. Recently, we documented that the haemolytic process induced by another RTX toxin [a-haemolysin (HlyA) from Escherichia coli] requires P2X receptor activation and consists of sequential cell shrinkage and swelling. In contrast, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of LtxAmediated haemolysis are not fully understood. Here, we investigate the effect of LtxA on erythrocyte volume and whether P2 receptors also play a part in LtxA-mediated haemolysis. We observed that LtxA initially decreases the cell size, followed by a gradual rise in volume until the cell finally lyses. Moreover, LtxA triggers phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure in the erythrocyte membrane and both the shrinkage and the PS-exposure is preceded by increments in the intracellular Ca

In this survey, Danish anaesthetists frequently, in an international perspective, use objNMM, but the use is often associated with technical difficulties.

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02247466.