Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) plays a central role in the development of cervical cancer. However, other coexisting factors, such as HIV infection, must be present for this to occur. We evaluated the prevalence of HPV in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in the city of Salvador , Bahia, Brazil, and determined the most prevalent types of HPV in these patients. Fifty-five cases were selected from among patients attending three institutions providing cervical pathology services in the city of Salvador. HIV testing (Elisa/WB), HPV-DNA testing by PCR, colposcopy, cytology and biopsy were carried out in all patients. The histopathological results were classified as follows: 11 cases were normal/negative for neoplasia, 15 were diagnosed as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN 1), 10 were CIN 2, 15 cases were CIN 3 and there were four cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Among the 55 patients studied, 43 tested positive for HPV-DNA and 20 for HIV. All HIV-positive patients were positive for HPV-DNA. The most prevalent types of HPV were HPV 16, 52, 58, 53, 54, 33 and 51, and there was little difference between the groups of HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with respect to the type of HPV encountered. The HIV-positive patients were found to be infected with a greater number of types of HPV than the HIV-negative patients. This study corroborates the existence of regional variations in the distribution of certain types of HPV, which is probably due to the particular ethnic constitution found in this region of Brazil. Key Words: Human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN), cervical invasive carcinoma.Invasive squamous cell cervical cancer develops from well-defined precancerous lesions, which can potentially progress to invasive disease if they are not detected early and treated. There is epidemiological and molecular evidence that infection by human papilloma virus (HPV) plays an important role in the development of uterine cancer [1]. However, infection by oncogenic HPV types is necessary but insufficient to cause cervical cancer [2], the association of other coexisting factors in addition to HPV is necessary to modulate the transition from cervical infection to cancer.Some coexisting factors inherent to HPV influence the risk of progression of CINs and the development of cervical cancer. This risk is related to the HPV genotype, variants, viral load, persistence, and integration of the viral DNA of the host genome [1,[3][4][5][6]. Currently accepted coexisting factors related to the host are high parity, prolonged use of oral contraceptives [7][8][9][10][11], smoking [12,13], and sexually transmitted diseases (STD), such as herpes simplex virus type 2, Chlamydia trachomatis [14,15] and, especially, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), [16,17].The first report relating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to HIV was published by Bradbier [18]. Other publications followed and, based on this information, invasive squamous cell ...

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Neste ensaio, relemos o Sonho da Injeção de Irma, primeiro sonho de Freud submetido à análise e relatado em Interpretação dos sonhos [Die Treumdeutung]. Discutimos a relação memória, condensação e deslocamento nos processos primários do inconsciente do sonhador, a partir de postulados que Freud apresentou sobre o mecanismo de trabalho dos sonhos e sua relação com o funcionamento do aparelho psíquico, desenhado na primeira tópica, conhecida como Teoria Topográfica, e que deu respaldo e sustentação para a sua teoria sobre os sonhos.