RESUMO -Objetivou-se estabelecer correlações entre características quantitativas e qualitativas e avaliar a influência dessas características sobre a produção e a qualidade do milho para silagem. Utilizaram-se dados do Programa de Avaliação de Cultivares de Milho para Silagem IAC/APTA/ESALQ para cálculo das correlações de Pearson entre as variáveis. A produção de matéria seca (MS) digestível foi afetada tanto pelas produções de massa e de grãos quanto pelas digestibilidades da planta e do colmo. A produção de matéria seca digestível apresentou os maiores coeficientes de correlação com a produção de MS (0,85); com as produções de grãos na ensilagem (0,60) e na maturidade (0,68); com produção de matéria verde (0,47); e com o índice de espigas (0,48). Os coeficientes de correlação entre a produção de matéria seca digestível e a digestibilidade da planta inteira (0,44) e da fração colmo (0,38) foram inferiores aos obtidos para a produção de matéria seca. A digestibilidade da planta dependeu principalmente da digestibilidade do colmo (0,60) e dos parâmetros relacionados aos grãos.Na ausência de informações específicas sobre os cultivares de milho para silagem, pode-se optar por aqueles de maior produção de grãos à maturidade, em razão da elevada correlação dessa característica com produção de matéria seca e com produção de matéria seca digestível.Palavras-chave: correlação, digestibilidade, grãos, matéria seca, proteína, Zea mays Agronomic and nutritional characteristics of the corn hybrids for silage production ABSTRACT -The objective of this work was to establish correlations between quantitative and qualitative variables and to evaluate their influence on the corn quality for ensilage production. Data from the Corn Hybrids for Silage EvaluationProgram were used (IAC/APTA/ESALQ). Pearson correlations between the variables were calculated. The digestible dry matter (DM) production was affected not only by forage and grain productions, but also by the whole plant and stem digestibility. The digestible dry matter production presented the highest correlation coefficients with the total dry matter production (0.85) and with the grain production at ensiling (0.60) and maturity (0.68), production of fresh forage (0.47) and with the plant ears index (0.48). The correlation coefficients between the digestible DM production and the whole plant digestibility (0.44) and the stem fraction (0.38) were lower than those observed for the DM production. The whole plant digestibility depended mainly on the stem digestibility (0.60) and on parameters related to the grains. It may be concluded that when specific information on corn hybrids is not available, those with higher production of grains at maturity are selected due to their elevated correlation with DM production and digestible DM.Key Words: correlation, digestibility, dry matter, grains, protein, Zea mays IntroduçãoAs características mais desejáveis em uma cultura para ensilagem são a elevada produção de matéria seca, as altas concentrações de proteína bruta e energia (alta d...

The first cause of death of dairy calves is often diarrhea which is mainly caused by pathogenic bacteria, which can result in excessive use of antibiotics. However, facing the increase concern by the industry and consumers, the use of antibiotics not only to control pathogens, but also to manipulate growth, has become a challenge. Alternative additives, such essential oils, have the potential to decrease antibiotic use, without reducing performance or increasing mortality of dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a commercial blend of essential oils, incorporated into the calf starter and/or milk replacer to monitor the effect on overall calf performance, fecal scores and rumen fermentation parameters. A total of 30 Holstein calves received 6 l/day of a liquid diet, consisting of a commercial milk replacer containing 20% CP : 15% fat (EE). Calves had free choice access to water and calf starter. Weaning occurred at week 8, and calves were followed until the 10 th week of age. Calves were assigned to one of the three treatment groups in a randomized block design. Treatments: (1) control without essential oils supplementation (C); (2) essential oils blend in the milk replacer at 400 mg/kg (MR) and (3) essential oils blend in the milk replacer (200 mg/kg) and starter feed (200 mg/kg) (MRS). From the 2 nd week, calves were weighed and body measurements were taken, while concentrate intake and fecal scores were monitored daily. Blood samples were drawn weekly for determination of glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate. Fecal samples were collected weekly and analyzed for lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteria; and ruminal fluid for determination of pH, short chain fatty acids, ammonia-N and counts of amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria, and protozoa. Performance, fecal scores and intestines microorganisms were not affected by the essential oils supplementation. Ruminal and blood parameters were also not affected, with the exception the rumen ammonia-N concentration, with higher values when essential oils were supplemented in a combination of milk replacer and starter feed. Most of the evaluated parameters were affected by age of calves, mainly as a response to the increase in concentrate intake as animals' aged. Essential oils are promising substitutes for antibiotics. However, the dose and routes of administration deserve further studies, allowing a better animal performance and health to be achieved.

-This study aimed to characterize the Brazilian dairy calves raising systems through a survey of major aspects of animal husbandry. One hundred seventy-nine producers and/or technicians were interviewed. The questionnaire addressed issues related to the management of the dry cow and the newborn, nutritional management of the liquid-feeding phase, housing, and health management. A third of newborn calves stay with their mothers for more than 24 h after delivery, and only 56% of the calves receive colostrum within the first 8 h of life. Four out of ten producers allow the calf to suckle colostrum directly from the mother. Regarding the liquid diet, 44 and 35% of the farms provide marketable milk and discard milk for the calves, respectively. It was possible to identify several areas of improvement in the raising system; for instance, greater attention could be given to dry cows and the monitoring of births and to the establishment of adequate protocols to evaluate colostrum quality and feeding management.

Quatro vacas lactantes, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, no delineamento Quadrado Latino 4x4, receberam os seguintes tratamentos: milho moído grosso; milho floculado; moído grosso + polpa cítrica; floculado + polpa cítrica. A floculação (efeito processamento) aumentou as digestibilidades aparentes (%) no trato total da MS, MO, amido e proteína, reduziu a concentração de N-NH 3 ruminal, a proporção de acetato, mas aumentou propionato. A floculação tendeu a aumentar eficência alimentar percentual e produção de proteína do leite. Inclusão de polpa não afetou a ingestão de MS e aumentou digestibilidade de fibra. Inclusão de polpa aumentou a digestibilidade do amido (%) no tratamento moído grosso. Amonia ruminal e proporção de propionato não foram afetadas pela inclusão de polpa, mas houve significativo aumento de acetato. Houve interação processamento x polpa sobre concentração de glicose plasmática. Produção de leite corrigida, eficiência alimentar, percentual e produção de gordura do leite aumentaram com a inclusão de polpa.