Group music therapy appears feasible and effective for PTSD patients who have not sufficiently responded to CBT. Limitations include the small sample size and lack of blinding. Further research should address these limitations, test sustainability, and identify specific factors that address symptoms in treatment.

Complicated grief has many interfaces with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) including avoidance, flashbacks and shattered assumptions. Increasing use of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) models in grief work are drawing on lessons learned in PTSD treatment. However, models used in grief work, such as attachment, the Dual Process Model (Stroebe & Schut, 1999) and Psychosocial Transition Theory (Parkes, 1993), are less commonly applied to understanding and treating PTSD. This paper gives an overview of how these theories explain complicated grief and PTSD and considers implications they have on treatment of couples, based on literature review and clinical experience. Treatment implications include treating PTSD before traumatic grief, working with intra-couple coping style differences, promoting acceptance and forgiveness and taking a full attachment history.

After the London bombings on 7 July 2005, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) was provided for survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A "screen and treat" approach was used. The transcripts of 18 audiotaped CBT treatment sessions with these patients were analyzed using the qualitative method of thematic analysis. Interviews comprised participants' direct experiences of the terrorist attack and its impact on their lives. Themes identified were shock and disorientation, horror, getting out, reorientation and reconnecting with the outside world (on the day of the bombings); and posttraumatic stress and depression, feeling different, and recovery and resilience (following the day of the bombings). Services may be part of wider political responses to terrorism but this did not preoccupy participants. In CBT, during elaboration of traumatic memories, attention might usefully be paid to clients' experiences of collective action taken during a terrorist attack.

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