The implementation of a monitoring program for CKD patients was effective in the group in which monitoring was conducted, especially in patients with more advanced stage of CKD.

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of potential clinically significant drug interactions (CSDIs) in HIV-positive individuals and to identify associated risk factors. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted including all HIV-infected out-patients attending the Pharmacy Service of a regional reference hospital in Murcia, south-eastern Spain. The complete treatment was screened for possible CSDIs using the Spanish College of Pharmacists' online software resource, BOT. Additionally, the severity level of the CSDIs involving antiretroviral (ARV) drugs was compared with that established in the specific antiretroviral database InteraccionesHIV.com. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify associated risk factors. ResultsTwo hundred and sixty-eight patients were included in the study. A total of 292 potential drug interactions were identified, of which 102 (34.9%) were CSDIs, of which 52.9% involved ARV drugs. Seven therapeutic drug classes were involved in 75% of CSDIs (protease inhibitors, benzodiazepines, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, corticosteroids, antithrombotics and proton pump inhibitors). Factors independently associated with CSDIs were treatment with more than five drugs [odds ratio (OR) 15.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.3-36.2], and treatment with a protease inhibitor (OR 5.3; 95% CI 2.4-11.74). ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that the prevalence of clinically relevant drug−drug interactions is high in HIV-infected patients, and could represent a major health problem. Awareness, recognition and management of drug interactions are important in optimizing the pharmaceutical care of HIV-infected patients and helping to prevent adverse events and/or loss of efficacy of the drugs administered.Keywords: antiretroviral therapy, drug interactions, HIV, outpatient, risk factors Accepted 4 September 2014 IntroductionAs a result of improved antiretroviral therapy (ART), the expected lifespan of HIV-positive individuals has increased dramatically, but comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, renal disease and non-AIDS-related cancers are increasingly common [1]. Because of this comorbidity, a wide variety of drugs (e.g. antidepressives or antibacterials) are used alongside antiretroviral drugs. However, the combination of such drugs presents the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs), an important cause of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). . Several studies have suggested a positive correlation between increased age and increased risk for drug interactions in HIV-positive patients [5]. However, most studies focus on interactions involving at least one antiretroviral (ARV) drug and ignore those that involve non-ARV drugs, despite the fact that such drugs may be responsible for undesirable side effects, which may reduce adherence to treatment with a consequent decrease in effectiveness.The recognition and management of drug interactions are imp...

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This study purposes to determine the prevalence of potential and clinical relevant Drug-Drug-Interactions (pDDIs) in institutionalized older adults and to identify the pertinent factors associated. We conduct an observational, multicenter and cross-sectional study during the last quarter of 2010. We selected a sample of 275 subjects (aged ≥ 65 years) from 10 nursing homes of Murcia (Spain) by a two-stage complex sampling. pDDIs were identified using the College of Pharmacists Database. We only considered pDDIs of clinical relevance, and thereafter the relevant factors were identified through uni-level and multi-level regression analyses. A total of 210 pDDIs were identified, 120 of which were considered clinically relevant (57.1%), affecting a total of 70 elderly (25.8%). Eight pharmacological groups made up 70.2% of the clinically relevant pDDIs. More clinically relevant DDIs were found in people suffering several pathologies (OR = 2.3; 95%CI = 1.4-4.5), and also in people who take ten or more drugs daily (OR = 9.6; 95%CI = 4.8-19.1), and people who take anti-inflammatory drugs (OR = 3.9; 95%CI = 1.4-10.4). This study reveals that clinically relevant pDDIs are very common in institutionalized elderly people, and that caregivers should aim at improving their practice in order to reduce the prevalence of this phenomenon.