Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University's research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher's website (a subscription may be required.) IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS Abstract-With the ever increase of complexity and expense of industrial systems, there is less tolerance for performance degradation, productivity decrease and safety hazards, which greatly stimulates to detect and identify any kinds of potential abnormalities and faults as early as possible, and implement realtime fault-tolerant operation for minimizing performance degradation and avoiding dangerous situations. During the last four decades, fruitful results were reported about fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control methods and their applications in a variety of engineering systems. The three-part survey paper aims to give a comprehensive review for real-time fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control with particular attention on the results reported in the last decade. In the first-part review, fault diagnosis approaches and their applications are reviewed comprehensively from model-based and signal-based perspectives, respectively.

Abstract-For a hundred years, there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid. Experiences have shown that the hierarchical, centrally-controlled grid of the twentieth century is ill-suited to the needs of the twenty-first. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability, and so on. While current power systems are based on a solid information and communication infrastructure, the new smart grid needs a different and much more complex one, as its dimension is much larger. This paper addresses critical issues on smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and communication technology (ICT) issues and opportunities. The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in this field. It is expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of the technologies, potential advantages and research challenges of the smart grid and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this promising research area.

Abstract-Information and communication technologies (ICT)represent a fundamental element in the growth and performance of smart grids. A sophisticated, reliable and fast communication infrastructure is, in fact, necessary for the connection among the huge amount of distributed elements, such as generators, substa-tions, energy storage systems and users, enabling a real time ex-change of data and information necessary for the management of the system and for ensuring improvements in terms of efficiency, reliability, flexibility and investment return for all those involved in a smart grid: producers, operators and customers. This paper overviews the issues related to the smart grid architecture from the perspective of potential applications and the communications requirements needed for ensuring performance, flexible operation, reliability and economics.Index Terms-Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), demand Response, smart Grid Communications.

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This is the second-part paper of the survey on fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant techniques, where fault diagnosis methods and applications are overviewed respectively from the knowledge-based and hybrid/active viewpoints. With the aid of the first-part survey paper, the second-part review paper completes a whole overview on the fault diagnosis techniques and their applications. Comments on advantages and constraints of various diagnosis techniques, including model-based, signalbased, knowledge-based, and hybrid/active diagnosis techniques, are also given. An overlook on the future development of the fault diagnosis is presented.