No abstract

Italian talc from the Pinerolo Mines in North West Italy is known for its extreme purity. Several historical investigations of these mines have demonstrated very small amounts of tremolite in the host rock that occasionally found their way into the mined ore. However, more than sixty years of epidemiological studies of the Pinerolo miners and millers have failed to demonstrate any attendant cancer risk and show that this trace tremolite contamination is of no biological significance.Claims made that the Pinerolo Italian cosmetic talc produced prior to 1975 were contaminated with asbestos, principally tremolite, have been difficult to refute given the lack of authentic historical samples of commercial products. We now describe the analytical findings of a recently discovered authentic historical sample.Sample analyses of this material showed only a few non-asbestiform tremolite fibres -a finding discussed in the light of the historical (pre-1975) studies of this talc deposit: no serpentine (chrysotile) or amphibole fibres were detected.The numerical concentration of tremolite fibres in the talc sample was 3.687 x 10 6 fibres/gram, corresponding to a mass concentration of 0.722 parts per million.

BackgroundCurrently, the concept of pain is widely discussed in the scientific community, particularly chronic musculoskeletal pain.One important classification concerns the mechanisms of pain generation, according to which pain is divided into nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain, nociplastic pain (NP), and central sensitization (CS).Often the terms nociplastic pain and central sensitization are used incorrectly, as synonyms, or improperly; this can make data transmission complicated.The aim of this review will be to provide a clearer overview of the concept of pain in the scientific literature, describe the variability on the use of the terms nociplastic pain and central sensitization, and describe the mechanisms in relation to musculoskeletal pain syndromes.Inclusion CriteriaEvery study describing the mechanisms of nociplastic pain or central sensitization in a population of adults (> 18 years old), with acute or chronic musculoskeletal pain, in one or more anatomic regions. This scoping review will consider studies conducted in any context. Articles in English or Italian will be considered.MethodsThe proposed scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology (JBI) for scoping reviews.The search will be carried out on 5 databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, Scopus, Embase, and PEDro.Selection and data extraction will be conducted by two blind independent researchers and inconsistencies will be resolved by a third reviewer.The results will be presented in a schematic, tabular and descriptive format that will line up with the objectives and scope of the review.ConclusionsThis will be the first scoping review to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic. The results will add meaningful information for clinicians. Furthermore, any knowledge gaps of the topic will be identified. The results of this research will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be presented at relevant (inter)national scientific events.