Several in vitro models have investigated the consequences of mechanical stimuli on osteoclasts (OCs). However, the mechanisms whereby mechanical forces trigger osteoclast responses remain poorly understood, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their relationship with bone resorption in OCs under the influence of mechanical forces require investigation. The present work examined the role of centrifugal force application on ROS production and its effect on osteoclast activity and differentiation. Human U937 macrophage cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were subject to centrifugal force. Osteoclast markers such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and bone resorption activities were measured. ROS levels and actin ring formation were determined. Also, U937 cell responses to centrifugal force and PEG-induced fusion were studied. Individual cells subjected to centrifugal exertion increased their ROS levels, formed actin-like rings, revealed TRAP expression and bone resorption activities, and expressed typical osteoclast markers. Control PEG-fused U937 cells also showed these effects, and cell treatment with NAC stopped all these responses. Centrifugal force, as well as PEG-induced cell fusion, can promote osteoclast-like features, including oxidative stress. The present experimental model allowed us to understand the mechanisms underlying the osteoclast differentiation associated with ROS production stimulated by mechanical compressive force, where NAC can contribute to reducing this oxidative stress condition.
Introducción. Los virus oncolíticos son virus atenuados, mutados o que por naturaleza se dirigen y matan específicamente células tumorales, sin afectar a las células normales. La administración intratumoral del virus ofrece la oportunidad de tratar el tumor primario pero no focos metastásicos, los cuales pueden ser alcanzados mediante la administración intravenosa. Sin embargo, su eficiencia puede disminuir por la presencia de una respuesta inmunológica preexistente en los sujetos tratados.Objetivo. Exponer las técnicas utilizadas para envolver y transportar los virus con el fin de eludir el sistema inmunológico antes de que el virus llegue al tumor.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda narrativa de la literatura original y de revisión en las bases de datos PubMed, JSTOR y EBSCO sobre métodos o técnicas utilizadas para el tratamiento del cáncer mediante el uso de virus oncolíticos.Resultados. La formación de nanocomplejos entre los virus oncolíticos y biopolímeros —ya sea mediante la unión química o mediante la unión a través de interacciones electrostáticas o el uso de micropartículas, células transportadoras, liposomas, ultrasonido o terapias combinadas– es eficaz para evitar la respuesta inmunológica del huésped contra el virus.Conclusión. Para evitar la respuesta inmunológica del huésped contra los virus oncolíticos se han desarrollo diversos métodos que permiten la liberación controlada y especifica de los mismos. Sin embargo, debido a la diversidad de los virus, se debe tener en cuenta que la eficacia de los métodos de protección y transporte depende de las características bioquímicas tanto del biomaterial como del virus.
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