Computational anthropomorphic human phantoms are useful tools developed for the calculation of absorbed or equivalent dose to radiosensitive organs and tissues of the human body. The problem is, however, that, strictly speaking, the results can be applied only to a person who has the same anatomy as the phantom, while for a person with different body mass and/or standing height the data could be wrong. In order to improve this situation for many areas in radiological protection, this study developed 18 anthropometric standing adult human phantoms, nine models per gender, as a function of the 10th, 50th and 90th mass and height percentiles of Caucasian populations. The anthropometric target parameters for body mass, standing height and other body measures were extracted from PeopleSize, a well-known software package used in the area of ergonomics. The phantoms were developed based on the assumption of a constant body-mass index for a given mass percentile and for different heights. For a given height, increase or decrease of body mass was considered to reflect mainly the change of subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, i.e. that organ masses were not changed. Organ mass scaling as a function of height was based on information extracted from autopsy data. The methods used here were compared with those used in other studies, anatomically as well as dosimetrically. For external exposure, the results show that equivalent dose decreases with increasing body mass for organs and tissues located below the subcutaneous adipose tissue layer, such as liver, colon, stomach, etc, while for organs located at the surface, such as breasts, testes and skin, the equivalent dose increases or remains constant with increasing body mass due to weak attenuation and more scatter radiation caused by the increasing adipose tissue mass. Changes of standing height have little influence on the equivalent dose to organs and tissues from external exposure. Specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) have also been calculated with the 18 anthropometric phantoms. The results show that SAFs decrease with increasing height and increase with increasing body mass. The calculated data suggest that changes of the body mass may have a significant effect on equivalent doses, primarily for external exposure to organs and tissue located below the adipose tissue layer, while for superficial organs, for changes of height and for internal exposures the effects on equivalent dose are small to moderate.

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5Resumo -Objetivou-se determinar os componentes do balanço de energia (saldo de radiação, fluxos de calor latente, sensível e no solo), a evapotranspiração (ET) e a eficiência no uso de água (EUA) do feijão caupi cultivado sob condições de sequeiro. O experimento foi conduzido numa área de quatro hectares, localizada no CCA/UFPB, Areia, PB (6 o 58'12" S e 35 o 42'15" O e 620 m), durante o período de 22/07/2003 a 17/10/2003. Para a determinação dos componentes do balanço de energia e da ET utilizou-se o método da razão de Bowen, sendo que para isso foi instalada, no centro da área, uma torre micrometeorológica com sensores para medição da temperatura e da umidade relativa, em dois níveis acima do dossel do caupi, além de sensores para a medição do saldo de radiação, da radiação solar global, do fluxo de calor no solo e da precipitação pluvial. Verificou-se que o valor médio da razão saldo de radiação/radiação global (Rn/Rg) foi de 79%, sendo a Rn utilizada, em média, como 65% no fluxo de calor latente (LE/Rn), 23% como fluxo de calor sensível (H/Rn) e 12% como fluxo de calor no solo (G/Rn). Em relação à evapotranspiração, observou-se que o valor total durante o período experimental foi 330,7 mm e o médio de 3,8 mm dia -1 . A produção do caupi foi de apenas 206,0 kg ha -1 , com uma EUA baixa (0,06 kg m -3 ), a qual se deu, provavelmente, devido ao déficit hídrico ocorrido na fase reprodutiva. Palavras-chave -Relações hídricas. Eficiência no uso de água. Razão de Bowen.Abstract -The objective of this study was to assess the energy balance components (net radiation, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux and soil heat flux), evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) of cowpea grown under rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted in a 4 ha area in the CCA, UFPB, belonging to the Municipality of Areia, PB (6 o 58 ' S, 35 o 41 ' W and 620 m) during the period from July, 22 2003 to October, 17 2003. To determine the energy balance components and ET, it was used the Bowen ratio method, and for that, the area was instrumented with a micrometeorological tower containing sensors for measuring air temperature and relative humidity at two levels above the canopy of cowpea. Measurements of net and global radiation, soil heat flux and rainfall were also made. The average value of the net radiation was 79% of the global solar radiation (Rn/Rg), in which 65% appeared as latent heat flux (LE/Rn), 23% as sensible heat flux (H/Rn) and 12% as soil heat flux (G/Rn). The total and average values for actual evapotranspiration were 330.7 mm and 3.8 mm day -1 , respectively. The production of cowpea was only 206.0 kg ha -1 with low WUE (0.06 kg m -3 ), which occurred probably due to water deficit at reproductive stage.

Determinaram-se os componentes do balanço hídrico (evapotranspiração, variação do armazenamento de água no solo, drenagem profunda, ascensão capilar e precipitação pluvial), em um Latossolo Amarelo cultivado com feijão caupi. Em uma área de 4 ha do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da UFPB, Areia, PB (latitude 6 o 58'12" S, longitude 35 o 42'15" W, altitude de 620 m), foram instalados três sítios tensio-neutrônicos, contendo, cada um, um tubo de acesso para a sonda de nêutrons e oito tensiômetros, além de um pluviógrafo automatizado. Ensaios de infiltração foram realizados para determinação da condutividade hidráulica saturada do solo. Verificou-se que a drenagem profunda foi subestimada, tendo em vista os pequenos valores (-17,23 mm) encontrados para esse tipo de solo. A variação do armazenamento de água no solo seguiu as variações da precipitação pluvial. A evapotranspiração do feijão caupi foi mais elevada nos períodos de maior disponibilidade hídrica, com valor médio de 4,12 mm d-1 , sendo que o maior consumo de água ocorreu na fase reprodutiva.

The purpose of this study is the development of paediatric reference phantoms for newborn and 1-year-old infants to be used for the calculation of organ and tissue equivalent doses in radiation protection. The study proposes a method for developing anatomically highly sophisticated paediatric phantoms without using medical images. The newborn and 1-year-old hermaphrodite phantoms presented here were developed using three-dimensional (3D) modelling software applied to anatomical information taken from atlases, textbooks and images provided by the Department of Anatomy of the Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil. The method uses polygon mesh surfaces to model body contours, the shape of organs as well as their positions and orientations in the human body. Organ and tissue masses agree with corresponding data given by the International Commission on Radiological Protection for newborn and 1-year-old reference children. Bones were segmented into cortical bone, spongiosa, medullary marrow and cartilage to allow for the use of μCT images of trabecular bone for skeletal dosimetry. Anatomical results show 3D images of the phantoms' surfaces, organs and skeletons, as well as tables with organ and tissue masses or skeletal tissue volumes. Dosimetric results present comparisons of organ and tissue absorbed doses or specific absorbed fractions between the newborn and 1-year-old phantoms and corresponding data for other paediatric stylised or voxel phantoms. Most differences were found to be below 10%.