Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a high value-added phytochemical used by the pharmaceutical and food industries, is found in residues and byproducts of the coffee industry. This paper presents a methodology to identify the adequate solvents to extract CGA from coffee pulp based on Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs), risk assessment, sustainability evaluation, and an economic analysis. In total, 16 solvents with different physicochemical properties, which are commonly used in the industry for extraction processes, were evaluated. According to the results, the most appropriate solvents are water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, acetone, t-Butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, benzyl alcohol, and phenol. However, water, ethanol, and a mix of them are the most advisable solvents because they have the lowest Ra, their HSPs are near those of CGA, they are easy to handle according to CHEM21’s Risk Assessment guide, they have a lower carbon footprint, and they are less expensive solvents.

Second-generation biomass is a renewable resource that can address the increasing global energy demand and help to partially substitute the use of and dependence on fossil fuels, since it can be transformed into gas, liquid and/or solid fuels by physical, thermal, thermochemical and/or biological processes. However, its potential is not fully exploited because the process to extract the phytochemicals present in such organic byproducts has been largely omitted. Natural compounds are of interest to high value-added industries such as cosmetics and pharmaceutics. Therefore, this work proposes to thoroughly use such residual biomass in a biorefinery by a simultaneous, efficient and sustainable integration and operation of extraction processes to obtain phytochemicals and functional extracts. A thermochemical process known as gasification is implemented to produce syngas, which can be turned into fuels, chemicals, and energy such as methanol and synthetic gasoline. Furthermore, this review article describes the state of the art of each process and the concept of biorefinery.

Palabras clave: aislamiento térmico, perdidas de calor en tuberías, transferencia de calor, tuberías de transporte de vapor.Key words: heat transfer, pipelines heat losses, steam transport pipelines, thermal insulation RESUMEN Se presenta el cálculo de las pérdidas de recursos energéticos y económicos por el deterioro o ausencia de aislante térmico en las tuberías de transporte de vapor al interior de una empresa dedicada a la producción de licores, así como la predicción de ahorros alcanzados al aplicar aislantes en zonas detectadas como críticas. Se utilizan modelos de transferencia de calor para sistemas radiales y cálculos económicos a partir de costos de aislantes térmicos, recursos másicos y energéticos, y eventuales ahorros alcanzados por la implementación de aislantes. Se encontró que las pérdidas energéticas pueden reducirse hasta en un 99%, con rápida recuperación de los costos de inversión según la selección del aislante. Los modelos presentados pueden ser adaptados por otras empresas que deseen evaluar de manera rápida y efectiva los eventuales ahorros en costos de producción derivados de la minimización de pérdidas energéticas a través de sus tuberías. ABSTRACTThe calculation of the loss of mass energy and economic resources for the deterioration or absence of thermal insulation coating in the steam pipelines of a company devoted to the production of spirits is presented. It is also presented the resource savings achieved by the application of thermal insulation in the Company areas identified as critical. The mathematical models for heat transfer are given for radial systems. The economic calculations were made from contributions of manufacturers of insulating thermal material, as well as cost of energy resources and the estimated savings achieved by the implementation of the thermal insulator. It was found that energy losses can be reduced by up to 99 %, with rapid recovery of the investment costs from the proper selection of insulation. Calculation models presented in this work can be adapted by other companies that wish to assess quickly and effectively possible savings in production costs resulting from the minimization of energy losses through their pipelines.

A partir del análisis de la hoja de vida disponible en el cvlac, este trabajo se aproxima al estado de la antropología académica colombiana desde ‘la realización académica’. Postulamos esta perspectiva como un marco de observación e interpretación con capacidad de dar cuenta de la forma en que un académico o académica despliega su potencial y a la vez como categoría que supera los sesgos e imposturas de la ‘perspectiva productivista’, que ha impulsado un modelo  exclusivo de investigación y valoración de la vida académica, acotando las posibilidades de realización a una única forma de expresión y medición material, conectada con una determinada racionalización y maximización del trabajo académico. Nuestro estudio subraya los procesos de homogeneización de la realización académica que generan desigualdad social y hace visibles la coexistencia de proyectos académicos disímiles y la  diversificación de la antropología académica.

The aim of this study is to calculate the Carbon Footprint (CF) of one campus of the Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM), a higher education institution in Medellín, Colombia. Such calculation was conducted from the perspective of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), considering and analyzing significant impacts of the ITM on the environment and its relationship with its surroundings derived from its operational activities related to the objectives in its mission statement (education, outreach, and research). The methodology used here for the LCA, the Carbon Footprint calculation, and the compilation of input and output inventories of different subprocesses (that comprise ITM’s operation) observed the requirements and guidelines established in the ISO 14001 (2015), 14040, 14041, 14043, and 14064 standards. According to results the activities that emit the most GHG fall within Scope 1, especially the use of fossil fuels (for the transportation of equipment and ITM employees), with about 69%; and, in Scope 2, electricity consumption contributes 26.8%.