El impacto económico por la pandemia por coronavirus (COVID-19) ha empezado a sentirse en todo el mundo y México no es ajeno a este panorama desalentador. Es necesario proponer soluciones para mitigar los efectos de esta crisis. El gobierno mexicano ha implementado medidas como son el acopio de recursos para apoyar la infraestructura de salud, el trabajo conjunto con las fuerzas armadas y su infraestructura sanitaria, el incremento al presupuesto para fortalecer el blindaje de los programas sociales en 622,556 millones de pesos, el otorgamiento de 2,100,000 créditos a trabajadores y 3,000,000 de créditos a la población más necesitada y, a pesar de esto, la situación ha sido inestable. En este trabajo se estimaron algunos factores económicos al cierre del año 2020 mediante modelos ARIMA con la finalidad de generar propuestas que fortalezcan a la economía mexicana. Para el análisis se utilizaron datos de fuentes como el Banco mundial, INEGI y Banco de México. Los resultados muestran que el IPC disminuirá al continuar el año, el desempleo seguirá en aumento, la tasa de inflación se ubicará entre 3.0 y 3.5 al cierre del año 2020, las remesas continuarán aparentemente constantes y el ICM muestra tendencia positiva a corto plazo para situarse cercano al valor 40. Por lo tanto, es recomendable que el gobierno aumente el presupuesto, así como la anticipación y organización ante este tipo de catástrofes.

BackgroundMaraviroc-containing combined antiretroviral therapy (MVC-cART) improved the response to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine in HIV-infected subjects younger than 50 years old. We aimed here to explore the effect of this antiretroviral therapy on different immunological parameters that could account for this effect.MethodsWe analysed baseline samples of vaccinated subjects under 50 years old (n = 41). We characterized the maturational subsets and the expression of activation, senescence and prone-to-apoptosis markers on CD4 T-cells; we also quantified T-regulatory cells (Treg) and dendritic cell (DC) subsets. We used binary logistic regression to evaluate the immunological impact of MVC-cART, correlation with MVC exposure and linear regression for association with the magnitude of the HBV vaccine response.ResultsHIV-infected subjects on MVC-cART prior to vaccination showed increased recent thymic emigrants levels and reduced myeloid-DC levels. A longer exposure to MVC-cART was associated with lower frequencies of Tregs and activated and proliferating CD4 T-cells. Furthermore, the frequencies of activated and proliferating CD4 T-cells were inversely associated with the magnitude of the HBV vaccine response.ConclusionThe beneficial effect of MVC-cART in the HBV vaccine response in subjects below 50 years old could be partially mediated by its reducing effect on the frequencies of activated and proliferating CD4 T-cells prior to vaccination.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1617-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundData on SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine immunogenicity in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) and discordant immune response (DIR) are currently limited. Therefore, we compare the immunogenicity of these vaccines in DIR and immunological responders (IR).MethodsA prospective cohort that enrolled 89 participants. Finally, 22 IR and 24 DIR were analyzed before vaccination (T0), one (T1) and six months (T2) after receiving BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccine. Additionally, 10 IR and 16 DIR were evaluated after a third dose (T3). Anti-S-RBD IgG, neutralizing antibodies (nAb), neutralization activity, and specific memory B cells were quantified. Furthermore, specific CD4+ and CD8+ responses were determined by intracellular cytokine staining and polyfunctionality indexes (Pindex).ResultsAt T1, all participants developed anti-S-RBD. 100% IR developed nAb compared to 83.3% DIR. Spike-specific B cells were detected in all IR and 21/24 DIR. Memory CD4+ T cells responded in 5/9 IR and 7/9 DIR, mainly based on the expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α, with a higher Pindex in DIR. Memory CD8+ T cells responded in only four participants in each group. At T2, anti-S-RBD and nAb titers were higher in DIR than in IR. In both groups, there was an increase in specific B memory cells, higher in DIR. Six IR and five DIR maintained a specific memory CD4+ response. Memory CD8+ response was preserved in IR but was lost in DIR. In a multivariate linear regression analysis, receiving mRNA-1273 instead of BNT162b2 played a prominent role in the results.ConclusionsOur data suggest that PLWH with DIR can mount an immune response similar to those with higher CD4+, provided they receive the mRNA-1273 vaccine instead of others less immunogenic.