Sistema de salud en Colombia: 20 años de logros y problemasThe Colombian healthcare system: 20 years of achievements and problemsResumen Se presenta un balance de algunos procesos claves y resultados del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS) en Colombia. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura publicada en revistas indexadas con valoración de la calidad de la evidencia, y literatura no publicada en revistas. Los recursos financieros del sistema de salud, se han incrementado de manera sostenida, mientras el gasto en salud se ha situado alrededor del 8% del PIB. La cobertura, medida por la afiliación a los regímenes contributivo y subsidiado, se encuentra alrededor del 92% de la población total. El Plan Obligatorio de Salud, que define las prestaciones a las cuales se tiene acceso, se ha mantenido con un carácter amplio y ha sido rebasado por mecanismos de reclamo jurídico (tutelas), generándose déficits financieros. El sistema de salud ha contribuido al mejoramiento del ingreso de los más pobres, pero persisten las inequidades que provienen de la ausencia de cobertura universal, de las diferencias en los planes de salud y en el gasto del sistema según ingresos de la población. El avance del SGSSS es positivo pero no ha logrado alcanzar la universalidad y se ha estancado en acceso a los servicios y equidad. Palabras clave Sistema de salud, SGSSS, Colombia, Cobertura, Financiación, Equidad Abstract An overview of some of the key processes and results of Colombia's National Health System is presented. A systematic review of the literature evaluating the quality of the evidence published in indexed journals and literature not published in journals was made. Health system financial resources have seen a sustained increase while spending on health has remained at around 8% of GNP. Coverage, measured by affiliation to contributory and subsidized regimes, is in the order of 92% of the total population. The Mandatory Health Plan, defining the benefits to which one has access, has been broadly maintained but has been hampered by mechanisms for making legal complaints, thereby leading to financial deficits. The health system has contributed towards improving the poorest sector's income, but inequalities persist due to the lack of universal coverage, differences in health plans and the system's expenditure according to the population's income. Advances made in the National Health System have been positive but universality has not been achieved and this has stagnated in matters regarding access to services and equality.
Objetivo Desarrollar un modelo SIR pronóstico de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el territorio colombiano.Métodos Se utilizó un modelo SIR con enfoque determinístico para pronosticar el desarrollo de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Colombia. Los estados considerados fueron susceptibles (S), infecciosos (i) y recuperados o fallecidos (R). Los datos poblacionales se obtuvieron del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de estadística Proyecciones de Población 2018-2020, difundida en enero de 2020) y los datos sobre casos diarios confirmados de COVID-19 del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Se plantearon diferentes modelos variando el número básico de reproducción (R0).Resultados A partir de los casos reportados por el Ministerio de Salud se crearon cuatro ambientes o escenarios simulados en un modelo SIR epidemiológico, se extendieron las series de tiempo hasta el 30 de mayo, fecha probable del 99% de infección poblacional. Un R0 de 2 es la aproximación más cercana al comportamiento de la pandemia durante los primeros 15 días desde el reporte del caso 0, el peor escenario se daría en la primera semana de abril con un R0 igual a 3.Conclusiones Se hacen necesarias nuevas medidas de mitigación y supresión en las fases de contención y transmisión sostenida, como aumento de la capacidad diagnostica por pruebas y desinfección de zonas pobladas y hogares de aislamiento.
This paper provides an exhaustive analysis of the Dual-Active-Bridge with Triple-Phase-Shift (DAB-TPS) modulation and other simpler ones, identifying all the possible switching modes to operate the DAB in both power flow directions, and for any input-to-output voltage range and output power. This study shows four cases and seven switching modes for each case when the energy flows in one direction. That means that the DAB operates up to fifty-six different switching modes when the energy flows in both directions. Analytical expressions for the inductor current, the output power, and the boundaries between switching modes are provided for all cases. Additionally, the combination of control variables to achieve Zero-Voltage-Switching (ZVS) or Zero-Current-Switching (ZCS) is provided for each case and switching mode, by showing which switching modes obtain ZVS or ZCS for the whole power range and all switches-independent of the input-to-output voltage ratio. Therefore, the most interesting cases, switching mode and modulation for using the DAB are identified. Additionally, experimental validation has been carried out with a 250 W prototype. This analysis is a proper tool to design the DAB in the optimum switching mode, reducing the RMS current and achieving to increase efficiency and the power density.
Local authorities often rely upon urban energy and carbon modelling tools to develop mitigation policies and strategies that will deliver reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper the UK example of Newcastle-uponTyne is used to critique current practice, noting that important features of urban energy systems are often omitted by bottom-up tools including interactions between technologies, spatial disaggregation of demand, and the ability to pursue over-arching policy goals like cost minimization. An alternative optimization-based approach is then described and applied to the Newcastle case, at the scale of both the whole city and the South Heaton district, and using Monte Carlo techniques to address policy uncertainty.The results show that this new method can help policy makers draw more robust policy conclusions, sensitive to spatial variations in energy demand and capturing the interactions between developments in the national energy system and local policy options. Further work should focus on improving our understanding of local building stocks and energy demands so as to better assess the potential of new technologies and policies.
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