… había una ceremonia de clausura, luego de que una delgada capa de relleno de montículo o arena fuera dispuesta sobre el piso, se procedía a sellar esta superficie, quemando madera y paja (Hastorf 2008a:9).En el presente trabajo se discuten las evidencias del sitio Tulán-54 con especial énfasis en el templete central. Este sitio es parte de un sistema de tres grandes asentamientos formativos tempranos sincrónicos (3450 a 2370 años cal. a.p.), dispuestos en el transecto Tulán, en un tramo de 15 km en el SE de la cuenca del salar de Atacama. Cada uno presenta funciones diferenciadas asociadas a la caza, pastoreo, recolecta y horticultura subsidiaria. En este contexto, el sitio Tulán-54 se perfila como el eje religioso con un marcado componente local orientado a los grupos que ocuparon la quebrada dentro de un contexto de redes macrorregionales. El templete no solo se caracteriza por su arquitectura monumental y los entierros de infantes, sino también por sus ofrendas, la incorporación de arte rupestre y por la reiteración de eventos rituales en su interior, cuyos restos lograron colmatar el templete en un lapso de ca. 200 años. La reiteración de eventos ceremoniales habría estado orientada a la cohesión social de grupos con una amplia movilidad que ocuparon recurrentemente los asentamientos de la quebrada Tulán, donde el comienzo de la desigualdad y las distintas formas productivas habrían sido conducidas por medio de la hegemonía ritual del liderazgo local.Palabras claves: circumpuna, Fase Tilocalar, Formativo Temprano, templete, pastoralismo. Archaeological evidence of the Tulán-54 site is discussed with a special emphasis on the central temple. Situated in the
ResumenLas evidencias de los sitios Pampa El Muerto 3 (PM-3), Pampa El Muerto 8 (PM-8) y Tangani 1 (TAN-1) permiten reafirmar que el arte rupestre de la precordillera en el extremo norte de Chile se asocia a una colonización más bien tardía de este espacio, hace 7000 años AP. Su ocupación por cazadores recolectores se intensificó hacia fines del Arcaico (ca. 6000-3700 años AP) perdurando hasta el Formativo Tardío (ca. 1500 años AP), y luego reiterarse en los períodos Intermedio Tardío y Tardío (800-500 años AP). En el Arcaico Tardío destaca un paisaje cultural común para el extremo norte de Chile y sur de Perú evidenciado por pinturas rupestres naturalistas en aleros rocosos. Las evidencias líticas, vegetales y arqueofaunísticas excavadas en estos lugares dan cuenta de actividades temporales, por lo que interpretamos los sitios con pinturas como campamentos logísticos estacionales. Además de articular diferentes pisos ecológicos, las poblaciones arcaicas tuvieron una movilidad horizontal precodillerana que unía toda el área situada entre 2500 y 3800 m.snm, cuando en la costa, valles bajos y subárea Circumtiticaca, simultáneamente, ocurrían otros procesos de complejización social.Palabras claves: pinturas rupestres -estilo naturalista -movilidadprecordillera -norte de Chile. Abstract Evidences from sites Pampa El Muerto 3 (PM-3), Pampa El Muerto 8 (PM-8) and Tangani 1 (TAN-1) allow reaffirming that rock art found at the foothills of northern Chile is synchronic with a late colonization of this zone, 7000 BP. Its occupation by hunter-gatherers was intensified towards the end of the Archaic (ca. 6000-3700 years BP), continued until the Late Formative (ca. 1500 years BP), and reemerged during Late Intermediate and Late periods (800-500 years BP). Throughout the Late Archaic phase the creation of a common cultural landscape for northern Chile and southern Peru is evidenced by rock art paintings naturalistic on the walls of rock shelters. Lithics, archaeological plant and bones remains indicate temporary domestic activities. Thus rock art painting sites are interpreted as seasonal logistical camps. Consecutively, more than articulating different ecological floors, these sites evidence horizontal mobility in foothills between 2500 and 3800 m.asl, in times of increased complexity in coastal and low valleys of the region and the Circumtiticaca subarea.
Primary Cilia (PC) are a very likely place for signal integration where multiple signaling pathways converge. Two major signaling pathways clearly shown to signal through the PC, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and PDGF-Rα, are particularly important for the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocytes, suggesting that their interaction occurs in or around this organelle. We identified PC in rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and found that, while easily detectable in early OPCs, PC are lost as these cells progress to terminal differentiation. We confirmed the interaction between these pathways, as cyclopamine inhibition of Hedgehog function impairs both PDGF-mediated OPC proliferation and Shh-dependent cell branching. However, we failed to detect PDGF-Rα localization into the PC. Remarkably, ciliobrevin-mediated disruption of PC and reduction of OPC process extension was counteracted by recombinant Shh treatment, while PDGF had no effect. Therefore, while PDGF-Rα-dependent OPC proliferation and survival most probably does not initiate at the PC, still the integrity of this organelle and cilium-centered pathway is necessary for OPC survival and differentiation.
Mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage are conditions often found in damaged brain areas of Parkinson's disease. We propose that a causal link exists between these three events. Mitochondrial dysfunction results not only in increased reactive oxygen species production but also in decreased iron-sulfur cluster synthesis and unorthodox activation of Iron Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1), a key regulator of cell iron homeostasis. In turn, IRP1 activation results in iron accumulation and hydroxyl radical-mediated damage. These three occurrences—mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage—generate a positive feedback loop of increased iron accumulation and oxidative stress. Here, we review the evidence that points to a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation as early events in the development of sporadic and genetic cases of Parkinson's disease. Finally, an attempt is done to contextualize the possible relationship between mitochondria dysfunction and iron dyshomeostasis. Based on published evidence, we propose that iron chelation—by decreasing iron-associated oxidative damage and by inducing cell survival and cell-rescue pathways—is a viable therapy for retarding this cycle.
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