Cancer is a public health problem due to its high worldwide morbimortality. Current treatment protocols do not guarantee complete remission, which has prompted to search for new and more effective antitumoral compounds. Several substances exhibiting cytostatic and cytotoxic effects over cancer cells might contribute to the treatment of this pathology. Some studies indicate the presence of such substances in scorpion venom. In this review, we report characteristics of the principal scorpion venom components found in recent literature and their potential activity against tumor cells. There are different toxin groups present in the venom, and it seems that their mode of actions involves ionic channel blocking, disruption of the cell membrane integrity and damage to internal cell organelles. These properties make good prospects for studies on drugs and adjuvants in cancer treatment.
ResumenEl papel de la estimulación mecánica en la diferenciación de las células madre mesenquimales humanas (CMMHs) es una alternativa terapéutica para aplicaciones en ingeniería tisular. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de cargas mecánicas sobre la diferenciación de las CMMHs, y los mecanismos celulares que intervienen en el proceso de mecanotransducción. Las CMMHs se sembraron en frascos de cultivo de 75cm 2 y fueron expuestas a tensión uniaxial de deformación de 500, 1000, 1500 y 2000 micro strains (μ ), con una intensidad de 9 ciclos/minuto por 3 horas durante 4 días consecutivos. Se evaluó la actividad transcripcional de los factores de transcripción Runx2 y Sox9 y de los genes de Osteocalcina (OC), Colágeno tipo 1 (Col-1) y Fosfatasa Alcalina (ALP). Después de la exposición al estímulo, los marcadores osteogénicos Col-1, OC, y ALP se expresaron temporalmente; y los factores de transcripción Runx2 y Sox9 disminuyeron la expresión con respecto a las células de grupo control (sin estímulo), sugiriendo que el estímulo mecánico indujo la diferenciación de las células CMMHs a linaje osteoblástico. La identificación de los genes que traducen los estímulos mecánicos en las CMMHs y modulan la diferenciación osteogénica, tienen proyección directa en medicina regenerativa a través del desarrollo y perfeccionamiento del enfoque de ingeniería de tejidos funcionales.Palabras clave: Células madre mesenquimales, colágeno tipo 1, osteocalcina, diferenciación osteogénica, mecanotransducción. MECHANICAL STRESS AS OSTEOGENESIS REGULATOR IN HUMAN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS AbstractThe role of mechanical stimulation for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation is a therapeutic alternative for applications in tissue engineering. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mechanical strain on the differentiation and cellular mechanisms of mechanotransduction in MSCs. The cells were seeded in 75cm 2 culture flasks and then exposed to uniaxial mechanical tensile strain of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 micro strains (μ ), 9 cycles / minute during 3 hours for 4 consecutive days. Runx2 and Sox9 transcription factors andOsteocalcin (OC), Collagen Type 1 (Col-1) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) gene expression was ascertained. After exposure to mechanical strain, osteogenic marker genes Col-1, OC, and ALP were expressed temporally, while Runx2 and Sox9 transcription factors expression decreased, compared with control cells without stimulation, suggesting that mechani-
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