SummaryDiurnal raptors may be highly sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances. We evaluated the diversity and abundance of diurnal raptors at an Atlantic Forest-cerrado transition zone in relation to two habitat types (forest fragments and open habitats) and to urbanization, comparing natural open and forested habitats with corresponding habitats within a large urban area. We sampled 80 points, 20 in each of four habitats (semi-natural and urban forests, seminatural and urban open areas), during 12 months. Diurnal raptors recorded (21 species) included only three out of 10 species with some level of threat in the region. Forested habitats had more species (17) than open habitats (12). Urban areas had only 14 (67%) species, whereas seminatural areas had all 21 species. Diurnal raptors were as abundant in urban areas as in seminatural areas in spite of a loss in species richness in urban areas. A re-analysis without Caracara plancus showed that urban areas had a lower mean number of individuals per point than seminatural areas. Overall species richness usually fluctuated from 14 to 16 species, being slightly higher between January and May than in other months. Overall abundance of diurnal raptors was much higher during summer than during winter. Local extinction may have already occurred for some species of diurnal raptors in the region and will probably shortly include several others. At least C. plancus, a habitat generalist, requires further studies and eventually management actions, since it is able to reach high population numbers in urbanized areas. Furthermore, highly sensitive species that were not recorded require further investigation regarding their conservation status. ResumoRaptores diurnos podem ser altamente sensíveis a perturbaçõ es antropogênicas. Avaliamos a diversidade e a abundância de raptores diurnos em uma região de transição entre Floresta Atlântica e Cerrado em relação a dois tipos de hábitats (fragmentos florestais e hábitats abertos) e à urbanização, comparando hábitats abertos e florestais aos hábitats correspondentes dentro de uma área urbana. Amostramos 80 pontos, 20 em cada um dos quatro hábitats (florestas seminaturais e urbanas, áreas abertas semi-naturais e urbanas) durante 12 meses. Entre os raptores diurnos registrados (21 espécies) estão apenas três das 10 espécies com algum nível de ameaça na região. Mais espécies foram registradas nos hábitats florestados (17) do que nos hábitats abertos (12). Apenas 14 (67 %) espécies foram registradas nas áreas urbanas, enquanto as 21 espécies foram registradas nas áreas semi-naturais. Os raptores diurnos foram igualmente abundantes nas áreas urbanas e nas áreas semi-naturais independentemente da perda de espécies nas áreas urbanas. Uma nova análise sem Caracara plancus mostrou que as áreas urbanas tiveram um menor nú mero médio de indivíduos por ponto do que as áreas semi-naturais. A riqueza total de espécies foi de 14 e 16 espécies, em geral, sendo um pouco mais alta entre janeiro e maio do que Bird Conservation International (2007) 17:367...

RESUMO O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o processo de migração de negros -ex-escravos e seus descendentes diretos ou indiretos -do Vale do Paraíba para a Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, e seus desdobramentos, no período após a promulgação da Lei Áurea. Trata-se de avaliar esse processo para além do sistema dual de explicação das migrações: atração versus expulsão. Busca-se, nesse sentido, incorporar análises qualitativas, quantitativas e demográficas dessa experiência. Para atingir tais objetivos utilizou-se o cruzamento de fontes variadas, a saber, os registros civis de nascimento e óbito, censos, entrevistas e bibliografia secundária. Palavras-chave: pós-abolição; migração; Vale do Paraíba; Baixada Fluminense. ABSTRACT This article focuses on the migration of Blacks -former slaves and their descendants -from the Paraíba Valley to the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, and its consequences, in the post-emancipation period. The goal is to evaluate the process beyond the dual system for explanation of migration: attraction vs. expulsion. We try to incorporate qualitative and demographic analysis of this experience through the intersection of different sources: civil records, census, oral interviews, and secondary literature.

Aim We used ecological niche modelling to test different models explaining the lineage age–area relationship. We hypothesized that lineage age should influence the proportion of potential range unfilled by phyllostomid bat species. We made explicit predictions about possible relationships between the proportion of unfilled potential range and lineage age. Our goal was to analyse empirical data and fit the model that best describes our data. Location South America. Methods We modelled the ecological niche of 49 phyllostomid bat species using Maxent and Support Vector Machine (SVM). We calculated the proportion of unfilled potential range as the amount of area outside the current distribution divided by the current distribution (realized range size). Using a dated phylogeny, we regressed the proportion of unfilled potential range on lineage age. To compare our predictions we also regressed realized range size on lineage age. Results Unfilled potential range was weakly associated with lineage age. This relationship was an inverse function of lineage age, explaining between 0 and 17% of the proportion of unfilled potential range. Furthermore, the relationship between realized range size and lineage age exhibited a logarithmic function, with lineage age explaining between 13 and 20% of the variation in realized range size. Main conclusions Different regression models indicated that old phyllostomid species have smaller unfilled ranges than young species. That is, old species have filled most of the areas that are suitable for them. Furthermore, old species have larger realized ranges than young species. We thus refuted both the lineage age–area and taxon cycle models and lent support to the stasis post‐expansion model. This suggests that bat species can reach most of their potential range rapidly after cladogenesis and such occupation remains more or less constant through time.

The complex processes of the hydrological cycle can be represented through hydrological modeling, being the models that simulate the rainfall-runoff process the most Verificação da Eficiência e Eficácia de um Algoritmo Evolucionário Multi-objetivo na Calibração Automática do Modelo Hidrológico IPH II 50 used of them. These models are based in mathematical equations that describe, in a simplified way, the hydrological behavior of the basin and possess parameters that must be defined through a process of calibration. The manual calibration, by trial and error, can be a tedious task, especially when the model's user is inexperienced. The automatic calibration, however, utilizes numerical optimization techniques based in the intensive use of computers. This study presents a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm of optimization developed by Vrugt et al. (2003) and applied in the automatic calibration of the IPH II hydrological model. The obtained results are encouraging: the algorithm produced a uniform approach of the Pareto Front in all the different tests carried out, keeping well represented its extremities. Additionally this method displayed some advantages over another multi-objective evolutionary algorithm currently used for the automatic calibration of the IPH II hydrological model.

This article presents the study of an alternating voltage indirect conditioner, showing the main aspects of its digital and analog control. The generation of the sinusoidal reference for the output voltage control loop is discussed, both in analog and digital control, and for that purpose, a digital PLL based on the three-phase instantaneous power theory is proposed. On the analog controlled converter, an output voltage instantaneous control circuit is used. On the digital control proposed in this work, two circuits are used, one for input voltage feedforward, and one for controlling the effective output voltage. Experimental results obtained with a 10kVA conditioner are presented.