This was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study to investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety of trans-resveratrol. In four groups of ten healthy adult subjects (five males and five females), two subjects were randomized to receive placebo and eight subjects to receive trans-resveratrol 25, 50, 100 or 150 mg, six times/day, for thirteen doses. Peak plasma concentrations of trans-resveratrol were reached at 0.8-1.5 h postdose. Following the 13th dose of trans-resveratrol 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg, mean peak plasma concentration (C(max)) was 3.89, 7.39, 23.1 and 63.8 ng/mL and mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-tau)) was 3.1, 11.2, 33.0 and 78.9 ng.h/mL. Interindividual variability was high, with coefficients of variation >40%. Trans-resveratrol half-life was 1-3 h following single-doses and 2-5 h following repeated dosing. Trough (C(min)) concentrations were < or = 1 ng/mL following 25 and 50 mg, 3 ng/mL following 100 mg and < 10 ng/mL following 150 mg. Trans-resveratrol pharmacokinetics showed circadian variation. Adverse events were mild in severity and similar between all groups. In conclusion, repeated administration was well-tolerated but produced relatively low plasma concentrations of trans-resveratrol, despite the high doses and short dosing interval used. Bioavailability was higher after morning administration.

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Background: Etamicastat is a novel, potent, and reversible peripheral dopamineb-hydroxylase inhibitor that has been administered orally at doses up to 600 mg once daily for 10 days to male healthy volunteers and appears to be well tolerated. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of etamicastat. Material and Methods: A single-center, open-label, randomized, two-way crossover study in 12 healthy male subjects was performed. Subjects were administered a single dose of etamicastat 200 mg following either a standard high-fat and high-calorie content meal (test) or 10 hours of fasting (reference). The statistical method for testing the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic parameters of interest was based upon the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the test/reference geometric mean ratio (GMR). The parameters of interest were maximum plasma concentration (C max), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to the last measurable concentration (AUC last), and AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC ¥). Bioequivalence was assumed when the 90% CI fell within the recommended acceptance interval (80, 125). Results: Etamicastat C max , AUC last , and AUC ¥ were 229 ng/mL, 1856 ng Á h/mL, and 2238 ng Á h/mL, respectively, following etamicastat in the fasting, and 166 ng/mL, 1737 ng Á h/mL, and 2119 ng Á h/mL, respectively, following etamicastat in the fed condition. Etamicastat test/reference GMR was 72.27% (90% CI 64.98, 80.38) for C max , 93.59% (90% CI 89.28, 98.11) for AUC last , and 96.47% (90% CI 91.67, 101.53) for AUC ¥. Time to C max was prolonged by the presence of food (p < 0.001). The C max , AUC last , and AUC ¥ values of the inactive metabolite BIA 5-961 were 275 ng/mL, 1827 ng Á h/mL, and 2009 ng Á h/mL, respectively, in the fasting, and 172 ng/mL, 1450 ng Á h/mL, and 1677 ng Á h/mL, respectively, in the fed condition. BIA 5-961 test/reference GMR was 62.42%

Background and Purpose: In 2016, one person died and four others had mild-tosevere neurological symptoms during a phase I trial of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor BIA 10-2474.Experimental Approach: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies were performed with BIA 10-2474, PF-04457845 and JNJ-42165279 using mice, rats and human FAAH expressed in COS cells. Selectivity was evaluated by activity-based protein profiling (APBB) in rats. BIA 10-2474 effect in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) was investigated.Key Results: BIA 10-2474 was 10-fold less potent than PF-04457845 in inhibiting human FAAH in situ but inhibited mouse brain and liver FAAH with ED 50 values of 13.5 and 6.2 μgÁkg −1 , respectively. Plasma and brain BIA 10-2474 levels were consistent with in situ potency and neither BIA 10-2474 nor its metabolites accumulated following repeat administration. FAAH and α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6 were the primary targets of BIA 10-2474 and, at higher exposure levels, ABHD11, PNPLA6, PLA2G15, PLA2G6 and androgen-induced protein 1. At 100 mgÁkg −1 for 28 days, the level of several lipid species containing arachidonic acid increased. Daily treatment of SHRSP with BIA 10-2474 did not affect mortality rate or increased the incidence of haemorrhage or oedema in surviving animals.Conclusions and Implications: BIA 10-2474 potently inhibits FAAH in vivo, similarly to PF-04457845 and interacts with a number of lipid processing enzymes, some previously identified in human cells as off-targets particularly at high levels of exposure.These interactions occurred at doses used in toxicology studies, but the implication of these off-targets in the clinical trial accident remains unclear.Abbreviations: 2-AG, 2-arachidonoylglycerol; AA, arachidonic acid; ABHD6, α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6; ABPP, activity-based protein profiling; AEA, anandamide; AIG1, androgeninduced protein 1; BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein; CES, carboxyl esterase; CYP, cytochrome P450; DAG, diacylglycerol; FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase; LIPE, lipase E; MATE, multidrug and toxin extrusion; MDR, multidrug resistance; OAT, organic anion transporter; OCT, organic cation transporter; OEA, oleoylethanolamide; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PEA, palmitoylethanolamide; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; PLA2G15, PLA 2 Group 15; PLA2G6, PLA 2 Group 6; PNPLA6, patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 6; SHRSP, Spontaneously hypertensive rats stroke prone; TAMRA-FP, tetramethylrhodamine-fluorophosphonate.

The use of cannabinoids to treat fibrotic skin diseases is an emergent issue. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate systemic and skin endocannabinoid responses in the wound-healing process in humans. A prospective study was performed in 50 patients who underwent body-contouring surgery. Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Ten (20%) patients developed hypertrophic (HT) scars. No significant changes were observed between the normal (N) scar and HT scar groups in terms of plasma and skin endocannabinoids. Nevertheless, a positive correlation between plasma and skin AEA concentrations was found in the N group (r = 0.38, p = 0.015), which was absent in the HT group. Moreover, the AEA concentration was significantly lower in HT scar tissue than in normal scar tissue (0.77 ± 0.12 ng/g vs 1.15 ± 0.15 ng/g, p < 0.001). Interestingly, in all patients, the surgical intervention produced a time-dependent effect with a U shape for AEA, PEA and OEA plasma concentrations. In contrast, 2-AG plasma concentrations increased 5 days after surgery and were reduced and stabilized 3 months later. These results suggest crosstalk between systemic and local skin endocannabinoid systems during human wound healing. AEA appears to be the most likely candidate for this link, which is deficient in patients with HT scars. Endocannabinoids are the endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, which are two G-protein coupled receptors that have a widespread distribution throughout the body 1,2. The most studied endocannabinoids are the arachidonic acid derivatives N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) 3 and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) 4. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) are N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) that act by influencing AEA metabolism and binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) and to transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) 5-7. Endocannabinoids and related NAEs play an essential role in many physiological central and peripheral processes. These include emotional responses, cognition, memory, motor behaviour, immune function, feeding, energy consumption and metabolic regulation at the systemic and cellular levels 8-13. Endocannabinoids are present in human blood, and their concentrations are dynamic. Food consumption, obesity, exercise, sleep pattern, time of the day, stress, anxiety, inflammation and pain are known to modify the endocannabinoid concentrations in the circulation 14. They have also been quantified in other biological samples obtained from humans, including saliva 15 , hair 16 , semen 17 , breast milk, and amniotic fluid 18 .