ARTÍCULO ORIGINALAvila-Curiel A y col. La desnutrición infantil en el medio rural mexicanoAbelardo Avila-Curiel, M.C., M. en M.S.,(1) Teresa Shamah-Levy, Lic. en Nutr.,Carlos Galindo-Gómez, Lic. en Nutr., (1) Gerardo Rodríguez-Hernández, Lic. en Nutr.,Linda M. Barragán-Heredia, Lic. en Nutr.( ResumenObjetivo. Conocer la situación nutricional de la población infantil del medio rural mexicano, comparándola con la situación previa y localizando las zonas más afectadas. Material y métodos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 38 232 familias, pertenecientes a 855 localidades, seleccionadas probabilísticamente. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas a 31 601 menores de cinco años. El análisis se realizó en consideración a la población de referencia peso/ edad, peso/talla y talla/edad. Resultados. La desnutrición global afecta a 42.7% de los niños de acuerdo con el indicador peso/edad (IC= 1.9%); hace 22 años las formas de desnutrición moderada y severa eran de 17.4% y actualmente son de 19.3%. Respecto a talla/edad afecta a 55.9% (IC= 1.9%), y a peso/talla a 18.9%. Conclusiones. La ENAL96 muestra que la desnutrición sigue siendo un problema muy grave, que no se ha solucionado y que sigue afectando a las regiones del sur en donde hay mayor prevalencia de grupos indígenas.

MS is high among children with obesity, and is mostly associated with insulin resistance and atherogenic risk.

No abstract

Fatty acids in different edible fish species from Mexico. Different biotic and abiotic factors determine the fatty acid (FA) composition of fish tissues and organs. This information is useful for humans due to the fact that fish consumption is associated with health benefits. The aim of the present study was to identify the variation in the concentration of fatty acids, according to different factors, among ten edible marine fish species in Mexico, collected from June to December 2009 in the largest fish market in Mexico city: Euthynnus alletteratus, Sciaenops ocellatus, Bairdiella chrysoura, Sphyraena guachancho, Symphurus elongatus, Istiophorus platypterus, Ophichthus rex, Eugerres plumieri, Eucinostomus entomelas and Oreochromis mossambicus. Lipid content was gravimetrically quantified, the fatty acids were determined using a gas chromatograph and the results were statistically analyzed. Total lipid content ranged from 0.93 to 1.95g/100g in E. entomelas and O. urolepis hornorum, respectively. E. alletteratus, B. chrysoura, S. elongatus, I. platypterus, O. rex and E. plumieri presented the following order in FA concentration: Polyunsaturated FA (PUFA)>Saturated FA (SFA)>Monounsaturated FA (MUFA). S. ocellatus, S. guachancho and E. entomelas presented SFA>PUFA>MUFA; and only O. mossambicus presented SFA>MUFA>PUFA. O. mossambicus had the highest concentration (mg/100g) of SFA (559.40) and MUFA (442.60), while B. chrysoura presented the highest content (mg/100g) of PUFA (663.03), n-3 PUFA (514.03), EPA+DHA (506.10) and n-6 PUFA (145.80). Biotic and abiotic factors of the analyzed fish significantly influenced their FA concentration. Subtropical species presented 42.1% more EPA+DHA than tropical specie. Values presented here will vary according to the changes in the ecosystem and characteristics of each fish species, however the information generated in the present study is useful for improving fish consumption recommendations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 61 (4): 1981-1998. Epub 2013 December 01.Key words: fatty acids, marine fish, biotic factors, abiotic factors, Mexico.Los lípidos de la dieta influyen en el metabolismo, crecimiento y bienestar de los animales (Sargent, Bell, Bell, Henderson & Tocher, 1993;Sargent, Bell, McEvoy, Tocher & Estevez, 1999;Steffens, 1997). Se requieren para proveer energía y producir fosfolípidos y lípidos polares fundamentales para la formación de la membrana celular. En los peces, los lípidos son la principal fuente de energía para su crecimiento, especialmente durante el desarrollo embrionario; y son esenciales para su desarrollo neural, por lo que es común que en su cerebro y retina se encuentren altas concentraciones de ácido docosahexaenoico (C22:6n-3, DHA), ácido graso (AG) del tipo n-3 (Sargent et al., 1993). La ingesta de AG también determina el metabolismo de algunas enzimas que participan en la biosíntesis de los ácidos grasos endógenos en el caso de los peces de agua dulce, pues éstos son capaces de convertir algunos ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGP) (EPA (C20:5n-3, á...

The goal of this study was to quantify the adverse (phosphorus, protein, sodium, potassium and cholesterol) and beneficial [n-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); vitamins D(3) and E] nutrients in 14 fish species in order to evaluate their inclusion in chronic kidney disease (CKD) diets. Using AOAC methods, we obtained the following results per 100 g of fish: 50.86-227.52 mg phosphorus, 14.7-30.6 g protein and 3.83-1667.35 mg EPA+DHA. CKD patients with protein or phosphorus restrictions should avoid broadbill swordfish, black bullhead and spotted scorpionfish. However, patients may include parrot sand bass, black bullhead, broadbill swordfish, longjaw leatherjacket, oilfish, Atlantic tripletail, spotted scorpionfish and round herring in their diets based on the (P)/(EPA+DHA) ratios of these fish. Some fish species may be included in CKD diets because of their high biological value protein content - associated with cardiovascular and renal protective nutrients (EPA+DHA) - and low P, Na, K and cholesterol content, their consumption by CKD patients should be encouraged.