This article analyses the role of the economic team known as the
‘Chicago Boys’ and of the main political faction in Pinochet's Chile, the
‘Gremialists’, founded by Jaime Guzmán in the Catholic University in 1966.
These two sectors of the elite had a common professional and political career and
were the principal civilian groups of the dictatorship who developed a long-term
political strategy that deeply influenced both the economic and political
orientation of the military regime. They shared a long-term power strategy, that
was basically defined by the ‘Gremialists’. The article focuses on the role played
by ODEPLAN in shaping the economic reforms. It demonstrates that the
coherence of the economic model inherent in the implementation of its policies
is to be found in the integration of the policies with a political project, articulated
by the ‘Gremialists’.I want to make it clear that I am convinced that the main responsibility for all
that is going on in Chile lies not with the military, but rather with the civilian
advisors and the whole climate of adulation and servilism that the economic
right has created around them, The ideology of the government was born in
the most traditional circles of the economic right, disguised under the sign of
‘nationalism’ and shielded behind ‘the courage to declare oneself anti-
Marxist’.
Este artículo analiza los apoyos a la democracia en Chile en el contexto de su desarrollo político, especialmente el impacto del régimen de Pinochet y las singularidades que tuvo la transición política. Se utilizaron los resultados de las encuestas del CERC desde 1986 referidos a legitimidad y eficacia de la democracia. Los análisis muestran a Chile entre los países de América Latina que tienen un apoyo más modesto a la democracia, pese a los buenos indicadores económicos que se dieron durante buena parte de los años noventa. A su vez, estos resultados se han mantenido constantes en el tiempo. Análisis de regresión logística señalan que el bajo apoyo a la legitimidad y a la eficacia de la democracia en Chile es predicho por una variedad de factores existentes antes de la inauguración del orden pluralista. En virtud de estos resultados, se afirma que la experiencia de Chile no apoya la tesis de que la existencia de un régimen autoritario pasado fortalezca la legitimidad sobre la democracia, sino que constituye un punto de referencia para que los partidarios del antiguo régimen traten de mantener distancia con la democracia. Se muestra la importancia del contexto político chileno para comprender dichos comportamientos.
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