Dental care to vulnerable population is a pending issue in health policies due to the lack of appropriate and specialized strategies. Children with sensory deficits represent a challenge to professionals in prevention of oral diseases fundamentally due to communication problems. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) before and after a playful learning intervention in children with hearing impairment between 6 years and 11 years. Study design: Educational strategies were adopted for children with hearing impairment in Mexican Sign Language. The intervention consisted of three meetings explaining topics and activities of preventive content on health and oral hygiene for the children and their tutors. Simplified oral hygiene index was determinate before and after intervention. Results: The mean of OHI-S score was 12% good status before the intervention and 64% after the application of the educational strategy. Conclusion: Teachers and dentists can enhance oral health promotion actions to children with hearing impairment in elementary institution using playful learning interventions.

Background: Activation of the sympathetic nervous system attenuates inflammation via catecholamines. Recent evidence has shown that electroacupuncture (EA) activates neuronal networks involved in the release of dopamine and norepinephrine that control systemic inflammation. In muscle, catecholamines are related to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This signaling molecule has been implicated in recovery from sustained contractile activity, which may induce muscular pain, such as that which occurs during low back pain (LBP). Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the effects of EA used for the control of LBP on the activation of the sympathetic nervous system in a randomized controlled clinical trial in athletes. Methods: Two groups of athletes with acute or chronic low back pain were studied. EA, sham EA and pharmacological treatment (diclofenac sodium) were evaluated. The outcome measures included a pain score represented by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and serum levels of catecholamines quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, blood was collected into chilled heparin tubes, placed in 96-well cell culture plates and incubated with an equal volume of Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium, with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or with catecholamines. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in the supernatants were analyzed. Results: The results indicated that the initial pain ratings did not differ between the groups analyzed. EA induced epinephrine secretion but not norepinephrine or dopamine secretion. Although EA and pharmacological treatment did not differ in terms of pain relief, in vitro epinephrine and norepinephrine reduced TNF-α production in response to LPS stimuli. Conclusion: EA activates the sympathetic nervous system and induces the release of epinephrine, which could ameliorate inflammation and protect muscular tissue in addition to relieving pain.

O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible post-translational modification on serine and threonine residues of cytosolic, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins. O-GlcNAcylation level is regulated by OGT (O-GlcNAc transferase), which adds GlcNAc on proteins, and OGA (O-GlcNAcase), which removes it. Abnormal level of protein O-GlcNAcylation has been observed in numerous cancer cell types, including cervical cancer cells. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of increasing protein O-GlcNAcylation on cervical cancer-derived CaSki cells. We observed that pharmacological enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (an inhibitor of OGA) and glucosamine (which provides UDP-GlcNAc substrate to OGT) increases CaSki cells proliferation, migration and survival. Moreover, we showed that increased O-GlcNAcylation promotes IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) autophosphorylation, possibly through inhibition of protein tyrosine-phosphatase 1B activity. This was associated with increased IGF-1-induced phosphatidyl-Inositol 3-phosphate production at the plasma membrane and increased Akt activation in CaSki cells. Finally, we showed that protein O-GlcNAcylation and Akt phosphorylation levels were higher in human cervical cancer samples compared to healthy cervix tissues, and a highly positive correlation was observed between O-GlcNAcylation level and Akt phosphorylation in theses tissues. Together, our results indicate that increased O-GlcNAcylation, by activating IGF1R/ Phosphatidyl inositol 3-Kinase (PI-3K)/Akt signaling, may participate in cervical cancer cell growth and proliferation.

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The epithelia are part of the innate immunity establishing a physical barrier that allows separating the external environment from the internal environment of the human body, thus limiting the entry of microorganisms that could cause different types of diseases; however, epithelial cells, as the majority population in this tissue, do not remain passive, on the contrary, they participate very actively as sentinels recognizing common molecules among microorganisms through innate immunity receptors, and after their activation, they induce the production of soluble mediators that favor the inflammatory response. The aim of the present review is to show in a general way, the characteristics and molecules that participate in the innate immune response generated by epithelial cells, describing as an example the response to viruses and some particularities that occur in some organs of the human body.