On 5 July 2003, the Tour de France (TDF) has celebrated 100th running. Instead of a chimney sweep competing during his free time (as in 1903), the recent winner is a highly trained, professional cyclist whose entire life-style has been dedicated to reach his pinnacle during this event. The TDF has been held successfully for 100 years, but the application of the physiologic sciences to the sport is a relatively recent phenomenon. Although some historical reports help to understand the unique physiological characteristics of this race, scientific studies were not available in Sports Science/Applied Physiology journals until the 1990s. The aim of this article is to review the history of the TDF. Special emphasis is placed on the last decade where classic physiology has been integrated into applied scientific cycling data.
RESUMENEn la zona Norte de Soria se han descubierto numerosos yacimientos de huellas de pterosaurios, destacando el del Barranco de Valdelavilla (Valdelavilla) por la cuantía de las mismas y el de Los Tormos (Santa Cruz de Yanguas) por la presencia de rastros. El conjunto de huellas pertenece al icnogénero Pteraichnus, habiéndose constatado la presencia de una nueva icnoespecie (Pteraichnus palaciei-saenzi). En el resto de las localidades sólo se han encontrado, por ahora, esporádicas huellas de estos reptiles voladores, no permitiendo la escasez del registro icnológico la asignación a una icnoespecie concreta. Estos hallazgos, junto con el rastro ubicado también en los Tormos (Santa Cruz de Yanguas), descrito por Moratalla (1993) y Lockley et al. (1995), y la localización de falanges de estos animales en Río Ventosa y Valdehuérteles (Fuentes y Meijide, 1996), confirman la presencia generalizada de estos animales en el Grupo Oncala y más concretamente en las subunidades IV-b de la Aloformación Huérteles y en la base de la V-b de la Aloformación Valdeprado. Tal circunstancia se puede explicar sobre la base de la existencia, en aquellos tiempos, de unas condiciones medioambientales propicias para la vida y el desarrollo de estos reptiles, asociadas siempre con ambientes litorales o terrestres acuáticos, como es el que presentaba esta zona (llanura fangosa, cubierta, en algunos momentos, por lagos de vida más o menos larga). ABSTRACTSeveral ptesoraur tracksites have been found in the northern area of Soria, Spain, among which Barranco de Valdelavilla (Valdelavilla) stands out due to the great amount of tracks, and Los Tormos (Santa Cruz de Yanguas) because of the occurrence of trackways. This group of tracks is attributable to the ichnogenus Pteraichnus, and the existence of a new ichnospecies has been verified (Pteraichnus palaciei-saenzi). To this moment, only sporadic tracks from these flying reptiles have been found in the other localities and this poor fossil trackway record cannot be attributed to a specific ichnospecies. These findings together with the trackway found in Los Tormos (Santa Cruz de Yanguas), described by Moratalla (1993) andLockley et al. (1995), and digit impressions of these animals found at Río Ventosa and Valdehuérte-les (Fuentes y Meijide, 1996) confirm the generalised presence of these animal s in the Oncala Formation, more specifically at subunits IV-b of the Huérteles Aloformation and at the nase of V-b of the Valdeprado Aloformation. This can be explained on the basis of environmental conditions in this area at that time -a muddy plain covered at one point by lakes with a more or less long life-being appropriate for these reptiles, who are always associated to coastal or aquatic terrestrial environments, to live and develop.
RESUMENDentro del estudio icnológico que se realiza en los alrededores de San Pedro Manrique (Soria, España) el nuevo yacimiento de Valdelavilla, enclavado en la unidad IV-b de la Aloformación Huérteles, ha proporcionado, hasta el momento, huellas de dinosaurios y de pterosaurios. La principal característica del mismo estriba en contener una gran variedad de icnitas de dinosaurios, tanto por su tipo (terópodos, omitópodos, saurópo-dos), como por su tamaño (desde 70 cm hasta 8 cm) y forma de caminar (digitígrados, plantígrados). Como en muchos otros lugares del Grupo Oncala, abundan las huellas de terópodos y en menor proporción las de saurópodos, no presentándose claramente las de omitópodos. ABSTRACTWithin the ichnological study of the surroundings of San Pedro Manrique (Soria, Spain), the new site at Valdelavilla, located in unit IV-b of the Huérteles Formation, has yielded dinosaur and pterosaur tracks. The main feature of this site is that it contains a great variety of dinosaur tracks, as regards their type (theropods, omithopods, sauropods) their size (from 70 cm to 6 cm), and the way these tracemakers walked (digitigrade, plantigrade). Like many other place at Oncala Group, theropod tracks are abundant, and at a lesser degree, sauropod tracks are also presento There is no conclusive evidence of omithopods tracks.
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