SummaryThe genotype by environment interaction (GEI)) has an influence on the selection and recommendation of cultivars. The aim of this work is to study the effect of GEI and evaluate the adaptability and stability of productivity (kg/ha) of nine maize genotypes using AMMI model (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction). The AMMI model is one of the most widely used statistical tools in the analysis of multiple-environment trials. It has two purposes, namely understanding complex GEI and increasing accuracy. Nevertheless, the AMMI model is a widely used tool for the analysis of multiple-environment trials, where the data are represented by a two-way table of GEI means. In the complete tables, least squares estimation for the AMMI model is equivalent to fitting an additive two-way ANOVA model for the main effects and applying a singular value decomposition to the interaction residuals. It assumes equal weights for all GEI means implicitly. The experiments were conducted in twenty environments, and the experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four repetitions. The AMMI model identified the best combinations of genotypes and environments with respect to the response variable. This paper concerns a basic and a common application of AMMI: yield-trial analysis without consideration of special structure or additional data for either genotypes or environments.Key words: genotype environment interaction (GEI), adaptability and stability, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model, multienvironment trials
Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, C. postal 151, Sete Lagoas, MG 6 EMBRAPA/ EMPARN, C. postal 188, Natal pretiosum, kept in the laboratory for 3, 35 and 72 generations. Both models showed no difference in the quality of the studied populations, based on the percentage of parasitoids that showed initial flight activity after emergence. The ESALQ model allowed better discrimination between "non-flyers" and "flyers". Second, we monitored the quality of three sexual populations of T. pretiosum, started with one, five and ten couples, during 21 generations, using the ESALQ model. The population started with a single couple showed an inferior quality when compared to the populations started with five and ten couples. The flight test was highly efficient to determine the quality of T. pretiosum populations, under laboratory conditions, and the modifications made in the standard model provided a better discrimination of flyers and non-flyers of the parasitoid.
The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model has been proposed for the analysis of genotype–environmental data. For plant breeding, the recovery of pattern might be considered to be the principal objective of analysis. However, some problems still remain with the analysis, notably in selecting the number of multiplicative components in the model. Methods based on distributional assumptions do not have a sound methodological basis, while existing data‐based approaches do not optimize the cross‐validation process. This paper first summarizes the AMMI model and outlines the available methodology for selecting the number of multiplicative components to include in it. Then two new methods are described that are based on a full “leave‐one‐out” procedure optimizing the cross‐validation process. Both methods are illustrated and compared on some unstructured multivariate data. Finally, their applications to analysis of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) are demonstrated on experimental grain yield data. Conclusions of the study are that the “leave‐one‐out” procedure is preferable in practice to either distributional F‐test or cross‐validation randomization methods, and of the two “leave‐one‐out” procedures the Eastment‐Krzanowski method exhibits the greater parsimony and stability.
Uma tendência crescente na atualidade são os vegetais Minimamente Processados (MP), ou seja, frutas e hortaliças que tenham sido submetidas a qualquer alteração física que mantenha seu estado fresco. Este processamento inclui as operações de seleção, lavagem, sanitização, descascamento, corte, centrifugação, embalagem, armazenamento e comercialização (MORETTI, 1999).As alterações por deterioração fisiológica nos MP ocorrem especialmente devido às injúrias nos tecidos, geralmente reduzindo o período de conservação. Essas injúrias nos tecidos vegetais resultam da manipulação e processamento, como os danos mecânicos, que promovem contato maior entre as enzimas e substratos, induzindo reações enzimáticas indesejáveis, perda de íons e de outros compostos celulares e perda de umidade. Muitos vegetais defendem-se aumentando a respiração, a produção de etileno, a atividade das enzimas responsáveis pelo escurecimento e o desenvolvimento de sabores e odores desagradáveis, além do amolecimento dos tecidos (BALDWIN; NISPEROS-CARRIEDO; BAKER, 1995). Gil et al. (1998) relataram que, em maçãs da variedade Fuji minimamente processadas, o uso de atmosfera livre de oxigênio associado à imersão em ácido ascórbico foi efetivo no controle do escurecimento enzimático. Os mesmos autores não recomendam o uso isolado da atmosfera livre de oxigênio em função de seu efeito sobre as características organolépticas e segurança microbiológica das maçãs, sugerindo novos estudos nesse sentido. Em maçãs minimamente processadas, o escurecimento enzimático é a principal causa de deterioração. Wong et al. (1994) propuseram o uso de solução conservadora (ácido ascórbico, ácido cítrico, cloreto de cálcio e cloreto de sódio) para vegetais MP. As principais funções esperadas desta solução são evitar ou minimizar o escurecimento dos tecidos, a perda do aroma e do sabor, mudanças na textura, redução na qualidade nutricional, além de propriedades antimicrobianas. AbstractThe effect of edible coatings on the preservation of the Minimally Processed (MP) Royal Gala apples under refrigerated storage for 13 days was studied. The treatments were: the control solution, preserving solution (1% of acid ascorbic; 0,5% of citric acid; 0,7% of NaCl; 0,25% of CaCl 2 ), manioc starch (3%), and sodium alginate (2%) with CaCl 2 . The preserving solution decreased the respiratory and the ethylene production rate and showed a lighter pulp. The coatings decreased the respiratory rate by 38% and the ethylene production by 50%. The alginate was the most efficient, and it presented a better retention of moisture up to the 9th day of storage. The control presented less firmness at during storage, but the other treatments presented the opposite. Apples with alginate presented less acidity and a darker coloration because of the pH and the coloration of the filmogenic solution. Keywords: apple, minimal processing, edible coating. ResumoO objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de películas comestíveis na conservação de maçãs da cultivar Royal Gala Minimamente Processadas (MP) du...
RESUMO -Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o incremento em diâmetro do tronco de árvores de Eucalyptus grandis por 24 meses e sua relação com as variáveis climáticas e fertilização mineral. As árvores foram plantadas no espaçamento de 3 x 2 m e fertilizadas com potássio e sódio (plantio, 6 e 12 meses). Foram selecionadas 20 árvores de eucalipto por tratamento, de acordo com a distribuição de área basal do povoamento e instaladas faixas dendrométricas na altura do DAP. Os resultados indicaram efeito da sazonalidade climática no incremento em diâmetro do tronco das árvores, com períodos de máximo e de mínimo crescimento e uma defasagem (lag) de 28 dias, em função da resposta da atividade cambial às variações climáticas. A aplicação de potássio em relação ao sódio e controle promoveu maior taxa de incremento acumulado do tronco das árvores, com valores de 4,14; 3,28; e 3,08 cm, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: Dendrômetro, Variáveis climáticas, Fertilização e Eucalipto. 4.14; 3.28 and 3.08 cm, respectively. ABSTRACT -The present work had the objective to evaluate the increment in diameter of
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