La literatura dominante sobre los medios y los estudios de comunicación ha igualado insistentemente los medios de comunicación y los medios de alta tecnología como conceptos y realidades intercambiables en lugar de los medios de alta tecnología como parte de una paleta de medios de comunicación que és más amplia y dinámica. Al suscribirse a este "darwinismo tecnologico", argumentamos que la literatura dominante existente excluye explícita e implícitamente las formas de comunicación masiva que van más allá de los medios en su forma y procedimientos liberales occidentales y, en consecuencia, excluye otras voces, conocimientos y mensajes. Este artículo analiza la concepción moderna de los medios de comunicación, explorando las "exclusiones abisales" (Santos, 2007) que crea. Para ilustrar esto más a fondo, hemos seleccionado las cinco principales revistas de 2018 indexadas en SCOPUS, de las cuales reunimos una muestra de 116 artículos de investigación que se publicaron entre 2016-2018, para arrojar luz sobre algunas de las tendencias más recientes en la investigación de estudios de medios. La definición de los medios utilizados por los artículos contenidos en nuestra muestra demuestra que existe un espectro tecnológico y de modernidad que es fundamental para definir qué es y qué progresivamente deja de ser etiquetado y, por lo tanto, considerado como medio. Esta comprensión de los medios no incluye formas de comunicación de masas que vayan más allá de los medios en su forma liberal occidental y, en consecuencia, excluyen voces, conocimientos y mensajes subalternizados.
Rivers are ecosystems indispensable for the survival of both humans and non-human species. Yet humans often disregard their importance and modify the existing socio-natural equilibrium of rivers in the pursuit of economic and political agendas. With a focus on new water justice movements, this article advocates a perspective that recognizes rivers as hydrosocial territories, actively and continuously co-created, co-inhabited, and transformed by a multiplicity of human and other-thanhuman beings. Such a perspective opens a path to a multispecies justice framework that involves rethinking the relations between human and non-human beings in the worlds we share as a medium for creating more socio-ecologically just and biodiverse water worlds.
This article focuses on the present context of the climate and environmental crises and how these fundamentally challenge the inherently anthropocentric norms, conceptions and practices of international politics and IR. I argue that, in order to confront the hegemonic, anthropocentric mode of relationship with non-human nature that has led to these crises, alternative frameworks need to be developed that might lead to a gradual transformation of modern political communities. Departing from Critical IR Theory, I suggest that Andrew Linklater's and Robyn Eckersley's critiques of Westphalia and proposals for its transformation might be useful to understand how the emergent Rights of Nature movement may promote such transformation. I look at two paradigmatic cases from the Rights of Nature movementthe Whanganui River case in Aotearoa New Zealand, on a local level; and Ecuador's 2008 Constitution, on a national level -to briefly reflect on the alternative understandings of concepts such as community, subjecthood, agency, voice, rights, participation and representation that they encourage. By expanding these concepts as to include the morethan-human world, these RoN frameworks invite a transformation of modern systems of thought and practice, and -to a certain extent -constitute a potential for the transformation of modern political communities in ways that might enable a better response to the global climate and environmental crises.
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