Proteasome inhibitors have shown relevant clinical activity in several hematological malignancies, namely in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma, improving patient outcomes such as survival and quality of life, when compared with other therapies. However, initial response to the therapy is a challenge as most patients show an innate resistance to proteasome inhibitors, and those that respond to the therapy usually develop late relapses suggesting the development of acquired resistance. The mechanisms of resistance to proteasome inhibition are still controversial and scarce in the literature. In this review, we discuss the development of proteasome inhibitors and the mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to their activity—a major challenge in preclinical and clinical therapeutics. An improved understanding of these mechanisms is crucial to guiding the design of new and more effective drugs to tackle these devastating diseases. In addition, we provide a comprehensive overview of proteasome inhibitors used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, as this is a key strategy to combat resistance.
Resumo: Este artigo descreve a teoria do Algoritmo de Limiarização Bimodal de Otsu assim que a sua implementação.Palavras Chave: Limiarização, Segmentação Global, algoritmo de Otsu
IntroduçãoO algoritmo a ser implementado tem como objetivo limiarizar uma imagem particionando os pixels de uma imagem de l níveis de cinza em duas classes, C 0 e C 1 , que podem representam o objeto e o fundo.
Algoritmo de Limiarização Bimodal de OtsuO método de limiarização bimodal de Otsu é baseado na análise de discriminante. A operação de limiarização é considerada como sendo o particionamento dos pixels de uma imagem de l níveis de cinza em duas classes, C 0 e C 1 , que podem representam o objeto e o fundo, ou vice-versa, sendo que esta partição se dará no nível de cinza t , desta forma teremos C 0 = {0,1, ... , t } e C 1 ={t + 1, t + 2, ... , l}. Seja
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