The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 infection has had an unimaginable impact on health systems worldwide. Cardiorespiratory arrest remains a potentially reversible medical emergency that requires the performance of a set of maneuvers designed to replace and restore spontaneous breathing and circulation. Suspending cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) usually corresponds to an ethical-clinical dilemma that the health professional in charge must assume. The “Lazarus phenomenon” is an unusual syndrome with a difficult pathophysiological explanation, defined as the spontaneous return of circulation in the absence of any life support technique or after the cessation of failed CPR maneuvers.
We present the case of a 79-year-old patient hospitalized in the intensive care unit for septic shock of pulmonary origin associated with COVID-19 infection who presented cardiorespiratory arrest that required unsuccessful resuscitation maneuvers for 40 minutes, declared deceased. After 20 minutes of death, he presented a return to spontaneous circulation.
The pathophysiological changes of the Lazarus phenomenon remind us of the limitations we have in determining when to end cardiopulmonary resuscitation and that its interruption must be approached with more caution, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Acute hypercapnic ventilatory failure is becoming more frequent in critically ill patients. Hypercapnia is the elevation in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) above 45 mmHg in the bloodstream. The pathophysiological mechanisms of hypercapnia include the decrease in minute volume, an increase in dead space, or an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) production per sec. They generate a compromise at the cardiovascular, cerebral, metabolic, and respiratory levels with a high burden of morbidity and mortality. It is essential to know the triggers to provide therapy directed at the primary cause and avoid possible complications.
Con la pandemia se implementaron diversas estrategias para evitar la intubación y la ventilación mecánica invasiva. La posición prona (PP) tiene claros efectos benéficos en mejorar oxigenación por diversos mecanismos al tiempo que genera cambios hemodinámicos que pueden optimizar la función del ventrículo derecho.
La evidencia de la PP en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) en ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) es contundente y obliga a considerarla en las primeras 24 horas de pacientes con PaO2/FiO2<150. La posición prona en respiración espontánea (PPRE) puede mejorar la oxigenación en pacientes con falla respiratoria e implementada mediante un protocolo que incluye una adecuada selección de pacientes puede evitar la intubación de pacientes en falla respiratoria.
La presente revisión resume los antecedentes históricos, las bases fisiológicas de la posición prono en el paciente despierto, así como la evidencia que evalúa su aplicación en el paciente con COVID-19 al tiempo que resume el protocolo y la experiencia de un centro con esta estrategia como propuesta para estudios multicéntricos.
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