In this study, different solid-liquid extraction conditions to obtain fermentable sugars from an asparagus by-product were investigated to produce a fiber concentrate.To evaluate the effects of agitation, solvent:sample ratio and temperature, an experimental design was used and the maximum extraction conditions of reducing sugars (RS) were determined. The diffusion coefficient of sugars in water at different temperatures was obtained, as well as the thermodynamic parameters of the process. The materials obtained before and after the extraction were characterized as composition, technological properties, and functional groups. The results showed that, under the conditions evaluated, agitation had the highest influence on the RS extraction, followed by the solvent:sample ratio and temperature. The maximum RS content (~30 g 100 g −1 dry asparagus by-product) was obtained at 125 rpm, 60°C,
RESUMO: A presença do ácido linolênico e compostos ativos, como fitosteróis e tocoferóis, no óleo de linhaça o torna benéfico para a saúde humana. A extração a baixa pressão utilizando etanol como solvente é uma alternativa atrativa para obtenção deste óleo, uma vez que pode ser caracterizada como tecnologia ambientalmente limpa e eficiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a extração a baixa pressão do óleo de sementes de linhaça utilizando o etanol como solvente. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em agitador orbital, avaliando o efeito da razão solvente/semente (3 a 15 mL g -1 ), temperatura (40 °C e 60 °C), tempo (5 a 180 min), pureza do etanol (95,5% e 99,9%) e co-extração sobre rendimento em óleo. A extração clássica foi conduzida para efeito comparativo em termos de rendimento em óleo, composição de ácidos graxos e teores de fitosteróis e tocoferóis. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a razão de solvente/sementes, temperatura e tempo que apresentaram melhor desempenho foram 12 mL g -1 , 60 ºC e 120 min, respectivamente. Ainda, o óleo apresentou maior solubilidade em etanol absoluto e o processo de co-extração permitiu o aumento do rendimento em óleo. A extração por agitação orbital atingiu até ~70% da eficiência da extração clássica. Os óleos obtidos apresentaram predominância de ácidos graxos insaturados (~92,4%), com os ácidos linolênico e oléico como majoritários. O principal fitosterol determinado no óleo foi o βsitosterol (~63%) e o conteúdo total não foi afetado pelo método de extração, entretanto a extração em agitador orbital forneceu um óleo com maior conteúdo de β-tocoferol. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Extração a baixa pressão. Óleo de linhaça. Etanol.ABSTRACT: The presence of linolenic acid and active compounds, such as phytosterols and tocopherols, in flaxseed oil makes it beneficial to human health. The low pressure extraction using ethanol as solvent is an attractive alternative to obtain this oil, since it can be characterized as environmentally clean and efficient technology. The objective of this work was investigate the low pressure extraction of flaxseed oil using ethanol as solvent. The experiments were conducted on an orbital shaker, evaluating the effect of solvent / seed ratio (3 to 15 mL g -1 ), temperature (40 ° C and 60 ° C), time (5 to 180 min), purity of ethanol (95.5% and 99.9%) and co-extraction on oil yield. Classical extraction was conducted for comparative purposes in terms of oil yield, fatty acid composition and phytosterols and tocopherols contents. The results obtained showed that the ratio of solvent / seeds, temperature and time that presented the best performance were 12 mL g -1 , 60 º C and 120 min, respectively. Furthermore, the oil presented higher solubility in absolute ethanol and the co-extraction process allowed an increase in oil yield. The extraction by orbital agitation reached up to ~70% of the efficiency of the classical extraction. The oils obtained showed a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids (~92.4%), with linolenic and oleic acids as the majority. The ...
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