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ArticleThe contribution of the European Union to global climate change governance: explaining the conditions for EU actorness A contribuição da União Europeia à governança da mudança climática global: explicando as condições para a actorness da UE CArolinA B. PAvEsE* DiArmUiD TornEy** IntroductionFrom an early stage, the European Union (EU) has played what has often been considered a leadership role in global climate governance, pushing for ambitious international commitments. Yet, as the only regional organization member of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol (KP), the EU can be considered a sui generis international climate actor.Sharing competences on climate politics with its member states, the EU's presence in the international climate regime does not replace but rather complements that of its 27 members. As a result, the EU's identity and role in the regime faces constraints that do not apply to any other party. Understanding EU engagement with global climate governance requires, therefore, considering the singular nature of EU's identity as an international actor, or actorness.This article assesses the EU as an actor in the case of the international climate change regime, and is divided into three core parts. First, the article presents a brief overview of theoretical discussions on actorness that set the ground for this study. Second, the article explores two formal requirements for actorness, namely, external rev. Bras. Polít. int. 55 (special edition): 125-143 [2012] * PhD Candidate in International Relations and Research Assistant at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, the London School of Economics and Political Science. The author would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the financial support to her doctoral studies (c.boniatti-pavese@lse.ac.uk). ** PhD in International Relations, University of Oxford. During the writing of this article, Diarmuid Torney was a postdoctoral fellow at the Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG) "The Transformative Power of Europe," hosted at the Freie Universität Berlin. He is particularly grateful to Thomas Risse and Tanja Börzel (diarmuidtorney@ gmail.com). 126Carolina B. Pavese; DiarmuiD Torney recognition and capability. It looks at the EU's membership of the UNFCCC and the KP and seeks to identify how the EU's status as the sole regional organization member of this regime affects formal external recognition of the EU as part of global climate governance. Next, considering capability as legal competences and institutional settings, the article assesses the power invested in the EU to act over climate issues. Identifying the strong intergovernmental nature of EU external climate policy, we then explore how this impacts the dynamics of internal decisionmaking process, and the external representation of the EU.The final part of the article focuses on the aspects we claim influence EU's identity as an actor in practice: cohesion and ...

The paper represents the outcome of an ongoing research program on the dynamics of joint stock companies in Italy between the 1861 Unification of the country and World War 1. It is based on a considerable quantity of data, the bulk of which is constituted by the very detailed set covering the 1883-1913 period, which started to be collected many years ago and has a very reliable empirical support, the weekly companies' official bulletin. Furthermore evidence for the preceding years have requested accurate investigation about the disposable quantitative information, their homogeneity and comparability. Apart from commenting upon the result of this unique collection of quantitative information, the paper will hopefully provide a not negligible contribution to the explanation of the Italian first period of economic growth and -more specifically -to the origins and evolution of the country's regional inequalities. It is aimed at enlightening internal economic and social disparities also in terms of the diverging rhythm of private capital formation between the northern and southern regions. It will inquire if and how the jointstock companies long-term dynamics showed unequal regional concentration, therefore penalizing the economic growth of the areas less affected by the phenomenon.

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