Our approach allowed the identification of a broader microbial diversity in Pulque • We increased 4.4 times bacteria genera and 40 times fungal species detected in mead. • Newly reported bacteria genera and fungal species associated to Pulque fermentation

Our approach allowed the identification of a broader microbial diversity in Pulque • We increased 4.4 times bacteria genera and 40 times fungal species detected in mead. • Newly reported bacteria genera and fungal species associated to Pulque fermentationAbstract Some of the biggest non-three plants endemic to Mexico were called metl in the Nahua culture. During colonial times they were renamed with the antillan word maguey . This was changed again by Carl von Linné who called them Agave (a greco-latin voice for admirable). For several Mexican prehispanic cultures, Agave species were not only considered as crops, but also part of their biocultural resources and cosmovision. Among the major products obtained from some Agave spp since pre-hispanic times is the alcoholic beverage called pulque or octli . This beverage represents a precolumbian biotechnological development obtained by the natural fermentation of the mead ( aguamiel ) from such plants. The pulque played a central role in mexican prehispanic cultures, mainly the Mexica and the Tolteca, where it was considered as sacred. For modern Mexicans, pulque is still part of their heritage and, in recent times, there has been a renewed interest in this ancient beverage, due to its high content in nutrients such as essential amino acids. We focus this study in the microbial diversity involved in pulque fermentation process, specially because it is still produced using classic antique technologies,.In this work, we report the microbiome of pulque fermentation stages, using massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) for describing bacterial and fungal diversity and dynamics along pulque production. In this study, we are providing the most diverse catalogue of microbes during pulque production with 57 identified bacterial genus and 94 fungal species, these findings allowed us to identify core microbes resilient during pulque production which point to be potential biomarkers exclusive to each fermentation stage.

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