؉ and CD8 ؉ T cells was observed upon stimulation with miltefosine-treated, infected DC. In addition, miltefosine application in vivo did not lead to maturation/emigration of skin DC. DC NO ؊ production, a mechanism used by phagocytes to rid themselves of intracellular parasites, was also unaltered upon miltefosine treatment. Our data confirm prior studies indicating that in contrast to, e.g., pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine functions independently of the immune system, mostly through direct toxicity against the Leishmania parasite.