It is widely recognized that, along with physical and psychological injuries, war profoundly affects veterans spiritually and morally. However, research about the link between combat and changes in morality and spirituality is lacking. Moral injury is a construct that we have proposed to describe disruption in an individual's sense of personal morality and capacity to behave in a just manner. As a first step in construct validation, we asked a diverse group of health and religious professionals with many years of service to active duty warriors and veterans to provide commentary about moral injury. Respondents were given a semistructured interview and their responses were sorted. The transcripts were used to clarify the range of potentially and morally injurious experiences in war and the lasting sequelae of these experiences. There was strong support for the usefulness of the moral injury concept; however, respondents chiefly found our working definition to be inadequate.

This study examined social psychological factors associated with willingness to participate in collective action. These factors were group identification, collectivist orientation, outgroup stereotyping, perceived intergroup conflict, egoistic and collective relative deprivation, and political efficacy. Three hundred and fifty members of a trade union completed questionnaires where items measured these factors along with their prospective participation in a range of union activities. Regression analyses indicated that the most significant correlate of participation was the strength of the respondent's sense of group identification. Other significant correlates were collectivist orientation and the degree to which the outgroup (management) was perceived in a stereotypical fashion. Further analyses were undertaken to examine the possible moderating effect of group identification on the relationships between independent and dependent variables. These indicated a broadly similar pattern of results for both strong and weak group identifiers though collective relative deprivation appeared to be somewhat more important for strong identifiers and political efficacy somewhat more important for weak identifiers. These findings are discussed in the context of research into social identity and collective action in other settings.

The present study is an investigation into the social psychological factors associated with women's reported participation in a range of different types of political action in the context of gender relations. At time 1,610 women were asked to rate their readiness to participate in various actions and to provide measures of social beliefs. Factor analysis extracted four types of action: participation in women's groups, collective protest, informal participation, and individual protest. One year later, at time 2, a subgroup of the same women were asked to say how much they had actually participated over the previous 12 months. Reported participation was related to gender identity, collective relative deprivation, efficacy, collectivist orientation, and identification as an activist. Regression analysis showed that identification as an activist was by far the most powerful correlate of participation, followed by gender identity; and that gender identity also played a role in moderating relationships between reported participation and other predictor variables. These findings show the important role of identity processes underlying participation in collective action and suggest the need to develop interaction models of participation.Key words: Collective action, social identity, relative deprivation, efficacy, collectivist orientation, gender identity.The last few years in Britain has seen a dramatic increase in the number and scope of single-issue pressure groups and campaigns attempting to bring about social change in the area of gender relations. A directory published in 1991 lists over 400 women's groups and campaigns, spanning such diverse areas as work and employment, health and childbirth, party politics, and the media (The Women's Directory, 1991). A number of professions have women's groups (e.g. Women in Medicine, Women in Management, Women in Publishing), whose aims include promoting equal opportunities and helping women to combat the so-called 'glass ceiling' in career progression, and many political parties and trade unions have women's sections. Alongside these larger organizations are a multitude of small single-issue women's groups (e.g. Women for Safe Transport, Women for Peace, Justice for Women).What are the social psychological factors associated with activism in such groups and how do these factors compare with the correlates of other forms of political

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This chapter examines the impact of group identification on intergroup perceptions and on willingness to take part in collective action. Based on social identity theory, the argument is put forward that strong group identification is associated with intergroup differentiation and stereotypic perception. This in turn has implications for the acceptance of social influence from ingroup and outgroup sources. In addition, group identification facilitates participation in collective action by promoting shared perceptions within the ingroup concerning the desirability and possibility of social change. Participation in collective action feeds back to affect the individual's attitudes and social identity.