There are different governmental reasons and technologies for seeking public-private partnerships throughout the developed countries. Significant motives have been to improve efficiency and risk distribution in comparison to traditional financing techniques and to lessen budget and borrowing limits. In this study, the movement toward privatization enhancing the efficiency of MoH’s hospitals has been assessed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) from 1979 to 2020. Moreover, the efficiencies of the individual hospital were estimated through the DEA model, which includes: scale efficiency (SE), pure technical efficiency (PTE), and overall technical efficiency (OTE). In addition, factor affecting such efficiencies was analyzed through Tobit regression. The VRS results suggest that the numbers of hospitals benefiting from the complete corporatized phase are greater than those benefiting from the last phase (and vice versa in the case of DRS). The variance between inefficient hospitals in the less corporatized phase (2000-2020) was more prominent than in the fully corporatized phase (1988-1999). In conclusion, fully corporatized hospitals (on average) achieve relatively better overall efficiency. It is recommended that additional corporatization might be stimulated by a standardized set of performance measures, which cover both the quality criteria and economic efficiency measurements from a healthcare perspective.

This paper’s goal is to investigate how consumers' moral identities and pro-environmental self-accountability combine to influence their green consumption behavior. In this study, the researcher looked at the latest literature in the area and hypotheses were framed. Previous research on structural relationships is lacking in the literature on antecedents of green consumption. Due to gaps in the literature, this research combines the theories of social-cognitive perspective moral identity theory, and self-accountability theory on the relationship between moral identity and green consumption as well as examines the impact of pro-environmental self-accountability on green consumption. The hypotheses were tested after data was collected through questionnaires. A measurement model and structural models were also assessed. The results demonstrate that consumers' moral identities affect their green consumption. In particular, consumer green consumption is impacted when they are encouraged to have a high level of self-accountability. This study adds to the body of knowledge on how to increase consumer green consumption, which has managerial and governmental policy implications. However, the dependent measures are likewise constrained as the authors only included household consumers as participants. Future studies can use different sample types and dependent metrics to test the conclusion's generalizability.

In this paper, we propose the use of stochastic frontier models to impose theoretical regularity constraints (like monotonicity and concavity) on flexible functional forms. These constraints take the form of inequalities involving the data and the parameters of the model. We address a major concern when statistically endogenous variables are present in these inequalities. We present results with and without endogeneity in the inequality constraints. In the system case (e.g., cost-share equations) or more generally, in production function-first-order conditions case, we detect an econometric problem which we solve successfully. We provide an empirical application to US electric power generation plants during 1986–1997, previously used by several authors.

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