Aviation industry consumes about 177 billion liters of kerosene, moving more than 25,000 aircraft and 6 billion passengers. To achieve that, civil aviation in 2015 generated about 781 million tons of CO 2 corresponding to 2% anthropogenic emissions of this greenhouse gas, and all required energy is derived from fossil sources. To reduce the environmental impact and to create alternative energy sources to bring energy security, it is of great importance to increase researching and development, so that it becomes viable to produce biokerosene. This chapter aims to present some varieties of biomass and its derivatives being studied as raw materials for new aviation fuels such as ethanol, butanol, fatty acid methyl esters, and fusel oil.

Abstract:The biodiesel industry currently produces 260.000 tons per year producing glycerin as byproduct which finds absorption difficulties in the market that uses 30 thousand tons per year. The textile industry produces about 3.4 million tons. of polyamides worldwide, which are used in clothes making and about 15-51% of the fabric is discarded as waste. This work aimed the reusing of textile polyamide 66 waste using glycerin from biodiesel adding value to these supply chains. The procedure consists in heating crude or pure glycerin to 190 °C and the addition of textile fabric waste and water as a non-solvent producing recycled polyamide 66 powder. The thermal analysis showed the thermal behavior remained like polyamide 66 showing a decay in 461 ° C and some decays for the contaminants in crude glycerin like methanol and free fatty acids. The recycled polyamide 66 melting point ranged from 253°C to 257°C indicating low polymer degradation. The 13 C-NMR spectroscopic analyzes and infrared spectra exhibited profile similar to the starting material showing the maintenance of the molecular structure. The new process was promising due to the use of two environmental liabilities generated in great amounts, producing recycled poliamide 66 with low costs and good quality.Keywords: Polyamide; waste; glycerin; biodiesel. ResumoA indústria do biodiesel produz atualmente 260 mil ton. por ano de glicerina como coproduto, a qual encontra dificuldades de absorção no mercado que consome 30 mil ton. por ano. A indústria têxtil produz mundialmente aproximadamente 3.4 milhões de ton. de poliamida, que são utilizados na confecção de roupas e nesse processo de 15 a 51% do tecido é descartado na forma de retraços. Esse trabalho objetivou-se o reaproveitamento da poliamida 66 de retraços têxteis utilizando glicerina do biodiesel agregando valor a essas cadeias produtivas. O procedimento consiste no aquecimento da glicerina até 190°C, a adição de retraços têxteis e água como não-solvente produzindo poliamida 66 em pó reciclada. As analises térmicas mostraram um comportamento semelhante à poliamida 66 virgem exibindo um decaimento em 461°C e alguns decaimentos de contaminantes da glicerina loira como metanol e ácidos graxos livres. Os pontos de fusão das amostras de poliamida 66 reciclada variaram entre 253°C a 257°C indicando baixa degradação do polímero. O RMN 13 C e os espectros de infravermelho mostraram a manutenção da estrutura molecular do produto reciclado em relação ao material de partida. O novo processo se mostrou promissor devido ao uso de dois passivos ambientais gerados em grandes quantidades, produzindo poliamida 66 com baixo custo e boa qualidade.

Through a review of the bibliographic base was identified the potential and difficulties of using biofuels based on babassu culture for use as aviation biofuel. Babassu palm is one of the most important crops for family farming in the north and northeast of Brazil due to its vast use potential. From babassu oil, by transesterification, good quality biodiesel can be obtained. However, it does not have the properties necessary to be used as aviation biofuel. Researches with biofuels from this culture and cultures with a similar organic profile were analyzed pointing out the feasibility of these biofuels as a mixture in aviation kerosene, nevertheless, these biofuels present several problems when used alone. Among the physical-chemical properties analyzed, the freezing point was a critical factor for not using these biofuels. This review points out the best results to improve the physicochemical properties of babassu biofuels to use as aviation fuel and present an important social factor to this palm uses.