There is growing recognition among conservation practitioners and scholars that good project management is integrally linked to well-designed monitoring and evaluation systems. Most conservation organizations have attempted to develop and implement monitoring and evaluation systems, often with mixed results. One problem seems to be that organizations are trying to build their systems from scratch, overlooking lessons learned from the many efforts to develop useful and practical monitoring and evaluation approaches. Thus, we undertook a review of monitoring and evaluation approaches in conservation and other fields including international development, public health, family planning, education, social services, and business. Here, we present our results for the field of conservation. We categorized the considerable variety of monitoring and evaluation approaches into four broad purposes: basic research; accounting and certification; status assessment; and effectiveness measurement. We focus here on status assessment and effectiveness measurement. Specific lessons that emerged follow: different monitoring and evaluation needs require different approaches; conceptual similarities are widespread among prevailing approaches; inconsistent language impedes communication; confusion among monitoring and evaluation components hinders practitioner ability to choose the appropriate component; and monitoring only quantitative biological variables is insufficient. We suggest that the conservation community continue support of collaborative initiatives to improve monitoring and evaluation, establish clear definitions of commonly used terms, clarify monitoring and evaluation system components, apply available approaches appropriately, and include qualitative and social variables in monitoring efforts.Key Words: adaptive management, management effectiveness, status assessment Monitoreo y Evaluación en Conservación: una Revisión de Tendencias y MétodosResumen: Entre los practicantes y estudiosos de la conservación hay el reconocimiento creciente de que la buena gestión de proyectos está ligada integralmente a sistemas de monitoreo y evaluación bien diseñados. La mayoría de las organizaciones de conservación han intentado desarrollar e implementar sistemas de monitoreo y evaluación, a menudo con resultados mixtos. Un problema parece ser que las organizaciones están tratando de construir sus sistemas a partir de cero, sin considerar lecciones aprendidas de los muchos esfuerzos para desarrollar métodos de monitoreo y evaluaciónútiles y prácticos. Por lo tanto, hicimos una revisión de métodos de monitoreo y evaluación en conservación y otros campos incluyendo desarrollo internacional, salud pública, planificación familiar, educación, servicios sociales y negocios. Aquí, presentamos nuestros resultados para el campo de la conservación. Clasificamos la considerable variedad de métodos de monitoreo y evaluación en cuatro propósitos generales: investigación básica; contabilidad y certificación; evaluación de estatus y medidas de efectivida...

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Every day, the challenges to achieving conservation grow. Threats to species, habitats, and ecosystems multiply and intensify. The conservation community has invested decades of resources and hard work to reduce or eliminate these threats. However, it struggles to demonstrate that its efforts are having an impact. In recent years, conservation project managers, teams, and organizations have found themselves under increasing pressure to demonstrate measurable impacts that can be attributed to their actions. To do so, they need to answer three important questions: (1) Are we achieving our desired impact?; (2) Have we selected the best interventions to achieve our desired impact?; and (3) Are we executing our interventions in the best possible manner? We describe results chains, an important tool for helping teams clearly specify their theory of change behind the actions they are implementing. Results chains help teams make their assumptions behind an action explicit and positions the team to develop relevant objectives and indicators to monitor and evaluate whether their actions are having the intended impact. We describe this tool and how it is designed to tackle the three main questions above. We also discuss the purposes for which results chains have been used and the implications of their use. By using results chains, the conservation community can learn, adapt, and improve at a faster pace and, consequently, better address the ongoing threats to species, habitats, and ecosystems

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