Objective: The aim of the study was to characterize surgeon perspectives regarding the benefits and downsides of conducting overlapping surgery. Background: Although surgeons are key stakeholders in current discussions surrounding overlapping surgery, little has been published regarding their opinions on the practice. Further characterization of surgeon perspectives is needed to guide future studies and policy development regarding overlapping surgery. Methods: Study information was sent to all members of 3 professional surgical societies. Interested individuals were eligible to participate if they identified as attending surgeons in an academic setting who work with trainees. Purposive selection was used to diversify surgeons interviewed across multiple dimensions, including subspecialty and opinion regarding appropriateness of overlapping surgery. In-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with participants regarding their opinions on overlapping surgery. Results: The 51 surgeons interviewed identified a wide array of potential benefits and disadvantages of overlapping surgery, some of which have not previously been measured, including downsides to surgeon wellness and patient experience, less surgeon control over procedures, and difficulty in scheduling cases. Interviewees often disagreed as to whether overlapping surgery negatively or positively affects each dimension discussed, particularly regarding the impact on resident training. Conclusions: The utilization of the novel perspectives presented here will allow for targeted assessment of physician perspectives in future quantitative studies and increase the likelihood that variables measured encompass the range of factors that surgeons find meaningful and relevant. Priority areas of future research should include examining effects of overlapping surgery on surgical training and surgeon wellness.

Objectives: To examine opinions on trainee independence and attending presence among a cross-section of the general population and explore how perceptions of trust, past experiences, and demographics interacted with comfort consenting to these surgical scenarios. Study Design: Mixed-methods. Methods: Based on prior qualitative analysis, we designed a survey of patient preferences and values that focused on trust in healthcare practitioners and processes, which also included comfort ratings of three surgical scenarios (including overlapping surgery). The survey was administered to a sample from the general public using Mechanical Turk. We identified discreet domains of trust and examined the association of responses to these domains with comfort ratings, prior healthcare experiences, and demographics. Results: We analyzed 225 surveys and identified four patient subgroups based on responses to the surgical scenarios. Subjects that were more comfortable with overlapping surgery were more trusting of trainees and delegation by the attending. Past experiences in healthcare (positive and negative) were associated with multiple domains of trust (in trainees, surgeons, and the healthcare system). Demographics were not predictive of trust responses or comfort ratings. Conclusion: Patients express varying degrees of comfort with overlapping surgery, and this is not associated with demographics. Past negative experiences have an impact on trust in the healthcare system overall, and trust in trainees specifically predicts comfort with attending absence from the operating room. Efforts to increase patient comfort with overlapping surgery and surgical training should include strategies to address past negative experiences and foster trust in trainees and the delegation process.