This study tested the predictive utility of a Client X Modality interactive model for group psychotherapy outcome. Twenty-six mildly distressed college student clients were assigned randomly to a nondirective or to one of three directive groups, all led by the same therapist. Belief in personal internal-external control was the individual-difference predictor, and a multivariable personality battery provided the indexes of psychosocial adjustment. As hypothesized, more internally oriented persons were more therapeutically responsive ito the nondirective than to the directive approach, whereas the reverse tended to be the case among those more externally oriented.* The second author. 5 The nondireotive mode was intended to be leadership sharing and group facilitative but not necessarily Rogerian. That comparable levels of the client-centered conditions (Relationship Inventory; Barrett-Lennard, 1969) were perceived by members of the nondirective and directive groups supports this point.

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This study was done to clarify the role of political bias in clinical evaluation. Seventy-one professional counselors were given bogus clinical protocols varying only in the student testee's sex and political inclination. The subjects, led to believe that they were participating in a survey aimed at generating normative data, were asked to infer the psychological status of the testee. The less (but not the more) liberal examiners attributed significantly greater psychological maladjustment to the left politically active female client than to her male counterpart. The finding is interpreted as bolstering the position of Szasz and others that conventional ideologies are strengthened by certain moral-political consequences of mental health practice. In so doing, it underscores the potential contribution of an empirical social psychology of clinical practice.

The effectiveness of four methods of group psychotherapy was compared: interpretive there and then, interpretive here and now, these treatments in combination, and problem discussion (attention placebo). Validation checks ascertained that the therapist carried out his role as prescribed for each condition. To maximize the potential for gain in the two groups to be characterized by a higher level of there-and-then clinical inferences, college student clients and an insight-oriented therapist were employed. Despite this, no clear evidence for the superiority of the insight-production groups was found. However, clients' experiences were less consistently positive in the here-and-now group and tended to be more consistently positive in the combined group than in the others. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

Agricultural data are crucial to many aspects of production, commerce, and research involved in feeding the global community. However, in most agricultural research disciplines standard best practices for data management and publication do not exist. Here we propose a set of best practices in the areas of peer review, minimal dataset development, data repositories, citizen science initiatives, and support for best data management. We illustrate some of these best practices with a case study in dairy agroecosystems research. While many common, and increasingly disparate data management and publication practices are entrenched in agricultural disciplines, opportunities are readily available for promoting and adopting best practices that better enable and enhance data-intensive agricultural research and production.