The rapid advancement of electronic devices and fabrication technologies has further promoted the field of wearables and smart textiles. However, most of the current efforts in textile electronics focus on a single modality and cover a small area. Here, we have developed a tailored, electronic textile conformable suit (E-TeCS) to perform large-scale, multimodal physiological (temperature, heart rate, and respiration) sensing in vivo. This platform can be customized for various forms, sizes and functions using standard, accessible and high-throughput textile manufacturing and garment patterning techniques. Similar to a compression shirt, the soft and stretchable nature of the tailored E-TeCS allows intimate contact between electronics and the skin with a pressure value of around~25 mmHg, allowing for physical comfort and improved precision of sensor readings on skin. The E-TeCS can detect skin temperature with an accuracy of 0.1°C and a precision of 0.01°C, as well as heart rate and respiration with a precision of 0.0012 m/ s 2 through mechano-acoustic inertial sensing. The knit textile electronics can be stretched up to 30% under 1000 cycles of stretching without significant degradation in mechanical and electrical performance. Experimental and theoretical investigations are conducted for each sensor modality along with performing the robustness of sensor-interconnects, washability, and breathability of the suit. Collective results suggest that our E-TeCS can simultaneously and wirelessly monitor 30 skin temperature nodes across the human body over an area of 1500 cm 2 , during seismocardiac events and respiration, as well as physical activity through inertial dynamics.npj Flexible Electronics (2020) 4:5 ; https://doi.

In theory, the batch reverse osmosis (RO) process achieves the lowest practical energy consumption by varying pressure over time. However, few batch RO systems have been built and operated. We have designed, built, and operated the first "true" batch RO prototype using a flexible bladder. The flexible bladder serves as the high-pressure variable-volume tank that is inherent to true batch RO designs (as opposed to batch RO with energy recovery devices). We experimentally validated a model of batch RO energy consumption (≤ 2.7% difference) by measuring the hydraulic work of the high pressure and circulation pumps. We find that batch RO energy consumption will be greater than expected mostly due to salt retention, a problem neglected by most previous studies. However, despite operating at elevated salinity and flux conditions, batch RO can still save energy relative to single-stage and multi-stage continuous systems. For a seawater desalination plant (35 g/kg intake, 50% recovery, 15 L m −2 h −1), our newly-validated model predicts that batch RO would save 11% energy compared to a single-stage continuous RO plant. Our work demonstrates that batch RO is an energy-efficient process with the potential to reduce the cost of water desalination.