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We study the following inverse problem: an inaccessible rigid body D is immersed in a viscous fluid, in such a way that D plays the role of an obstacle around which the fluid is flowing in a greater bounded domain , and we wish to determine D (i.e., its form and location) via boundary measurement on the boundary ∂. Both for the stationary and the evolution problem, we show that under reasonable smoothness assumptions on and D, one can identify D via the measurement of the velocity of the fluid and the Cauchy forces on some part of the boundary ∂. We also show that the dependence of the Cauchy forces on deformations of D is analytic, and give some stability results for the inverse problem.

Pleuropulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been reported to be of variable prevalence, depending on the diagnostic methods used. The objective of this study was to determine the anatomopathological prevalence and the nature of lung involvement associated with SLE and to define if there were differences in the grade and type of pulmonary involvement in patients who had died at different time periods, before or after 1996. Complete autopsy studies of 90 patients with SLE diagnosis carried out between 1958 and 2006 and their clinical records were studied. All patients fulfilled the American College of Rheumathology (ACR) diagnostic criteria for SLE. Two groups of patients were analyzed: patients who had died before 1996 and those deceased in 1996-2006. Some pleuropulmonary involvement was detected in 97.8% of the autopsies. The most frequent findings were pleuritis (77.8%), bacterial infections (57.8%), primary and secondary alveolar haemorrhages (25.6%), followed by distal airway alterations (21.1%), opportunistic infections (14.4%) and pulmonary thromboembolism (7.8%), both acute and chronic. No cases of acute or chronic lupus pneumonitis were found. Opportunistic lung infections were invasive aspergillosis, disseminated strongyloidiasis, mucormicosis and Pneumocystis carinii. Only three of 23 patients with alveolar haemorrhage showed capillaritis. The four patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PHT) had plexiform lesions. Deceased patients' age at death (46.09 +/- 11.01 vs 30.3 +/- 11.5 years, P < 0.0001) as well as survival time from diagnosis date (11.8 +/- 11.2 vs 4.4 +/- 4.9 years, P < 0.0001) in the second time period evaluated were significantly higher. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of any of the pulmonary manifestations. Sepsis was considered the major cause of death without significant differences in both groups. Our results show that pulmonary manifestations directly caused by systemic lupus erythematosus are very uncommon and that their prevalence has not changed in the past 10 years. Pulmonary infection is still the most frequent affection, and it is an important cause of death in patients with lupus.

BACKGROUND: The evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds is one of the most important concerns of global agriculture. Amaranthus hybridus L. is a competitive weed for summer crops in South America. In this article, we intend to unravel the molecular mechanisms by which an A. hybridus population from Argentina has become resistant to extraordinarily high levels of glyphosate. RESULTS:The glyphosate-resistant population (A) exhibited particularly high parameters of resistance (GR 50 = 20 900 g ai ha −1 , Rf = 314), with all plants completing a normal life cycle even after 32X dose application. No shikimic acid accumulation was detected in the resistant plants at any of the glyphosate concentrations tested. Molecular and genetic analyses revealed a novel triple substitution (TAP-IVS: T102I, A103V, and P106S) in the 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme of population A and an incipient increase on the epsps relative copy number but without effects on the epsps transcription levels. The novel mechanism was prevalent, with 48% and 52% of the individuals being homozygous and heterozygous for the triple substitution, respectively. In silico conformational studies revealed that TAP-IVS triple substitution would generate an EPSPS with a functional active site but with an increased restriction to glyphosate binding. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the TAP-IVS triple substitution as the sole mechanism detected in the highly glyphosate resistant population suggests the evolution of a new glyphosate resistance mechanism arising in A. hybridus. This is the first report of a naturally occurring EPSPS triple substitution and the first glyphosate target-site resistance mechanism described in A. hybridus. /journal/ps estimation of plant fitness costs associated with herbicide-resistance genes. Weed Sci 63:203-216 (2015). 42 Schönbrunn E, Eschenburg S, Shuttleworth WA, Schloss JV, Amrhein N, Evans JN, et al., Interaction of the herbicide glyphosate with its target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase in atomic detail. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:1376-1380 (2001). 43 Pollegioni L, Schonbrunn E and Siehl D, Molecular basis of glyphosate resistance-different approaches through protein engineering.