This paper aims at presenting programs targeted at the prevention of adolescent depression applied with Spanish-speaking populations that have been developed in Spanish-speaking countries and are mostly published in Spanish. These programs have been developed under different cultural contexts in Spain and Latin-America. The main goal of this paper is to make the studies and movements of the Spanish-speaking literature in this field accessible to the non-Spanish-speaking part of the research community. Therefore, after an introduction referring to possible cultural differences regarding depression in general and epidemiological basics, several programs are introduced. In total 11 programs will be shortly presented and discussed. After revising the programs it can be concluded that in the Spanish-speaking world many programs have been developed and conducted following current state of the art-approaches for adolescent depression prevention. Further research is needed especially targeting possible cultural and contextual aspects of prevention measures and their efficacy and efficiency.
Background
Individuals with high levels of negative affect (NA) are at an increased risk of experiencing distress and negative self-views. Theoretical models suggest that NA plays a critical role in psychopathology, particularly in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and is linked to cognitive-perceptual and affective regulation issues.
Objective
Determine whether maladaptive cognitive schemas, attributional style, childhood adversity, and lifestyle factors (including alcohol and drug use and physical activity) could effectively predict negative affect (NA) in adults.
Methods
A secondary data analysis was performed on a sample of 342 depressed and non-depressed adults. Beta regression and regression tree analyses were conducted to identify the principal risk factors and their interactions. The regression tree model was trained with 5-fold cross-validation on 75% of the sample, with 25% of observations held for testing.
Results
The findings revealed that the cognitive schemas of disconnection and rejection and impaired autonomy had a significant impact on the likelihood of higher scores on the State Depression Inventory (IDER) test (p < 0.001), as indicated by both beta regression and regression tree analyses. Additionally, childhood adversity emerged as a crucial factor in determining high levels of NA. The regression tree model achieved strong performance metrics, including an R-squared value of 0.77.
Conclusions
This study represents a significant step forward in the understanding of NA, as it considers a broad range of individual factors, such as cognitive schemas, lifestyle, and demographics, to predict its impact on NA, with potential implications for prevention programs aimed at reducing NA.
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