The most common cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU) is the development of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Besides life-supporting treatments, no cure exists, and its mechanisms are still poorly understood. Catalytic iron is associated with ICU mortality and is known to cause free radical-mediated cellular toxicity. It is thought to induce excessive lipid peroxidation, the main characteristic of an iron-dependent type of cell death conceptualized as ferroptosis. Here we show that the severity of multiorgan dysfunction and the probability of death are indeed associated with plasma catalytic iron and lipid peroxidation. Transgenic approaches underscore the role of ferroptosis in iron-induced multiorgan dysfunction. Blocking lipid peroxidation with our highly soluble ferrostatin-analogue protects mice from injury and death in experimental non-septic multiorgan dysfunction, but not in sepsis-induced multiorgan dysfunction. The limitations of the experimental mice models to mimic the complexity of clinical MODS warrant further preclinical testing. In conclusion, our data suggest ferroptosis targeting as possible treatment option for a stratifiable subset of MODS patients.
Honey is one of the food commodities most frequently affected by fraud. Although addition of extraneous sugars is the most common type of fraud, analytical methods are also needed to detect origin masking and misdescription of botanical variety. In this work, multivariate analysis of the content of certain macro-and trace elements, determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) without any type of sample treatment, were used to classify honeys according to botanical variety and geographical origin. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to create classification models for nine different botanical varieties-orange, robinia, lavender, rosemary, thyme, lime, chestnut, eucalyptus and manuka-and seven different geographical origins-Italy, Romania, Spain, Portugal, France, Hungary and New Zealand. Although characterised by 100% sensitivity, PCA models lacked specificity. The PLS-DA models constructed for specific combinations of botanical variety-country (BV-C) allowed the successful classification of honey samples, which was verified by external validation samples.
Highlights
ED-XRF, an attractive technique for screening purposes in honey control.
ED-XRF allows verification of botanical/geographical origin of Spanish PDO honeys.
Multivariate analysis of elemental profiles, fundamental to classify honey samples.
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