A new amphi-Atlantic snapping shrimp of the genus Alpheus Fabricius, 1798, Alpheus buckupi spec. nov., is described and illustrated based on material collected from the western (Orinoco Delta, Venezuela to São Paulo, Brazil) and eastern Atlantic (São Tomé and Príncipe). The new species is morphologically similar to members of the A. lobidens De Haan, 1850 species complex, from the Indo-Pacific, including A. inopinatus Holthuis & Gottlieb, 1958 from the eastern Mediterranean, and the Red Sea to Pakistan, especially based on major and minor chelae configuration. We also characterized this new species in terms of DNA sequences of a ribosomal 16S subunit and compared it in a phylogenetic context. These analyses showed a clear separation of the specimens of A. buckupi spec. nov. from similar species of the A. edwardsii (Audouin, 1826) species group, including some morphologically close species such as A. cf. lobidens, A.

A restricted phylogenetic analysis is conducted to test if the family Akanthophoreidae is monophyletic. The family was found to be monophyletic with a Bremer support of 11 and is redefined to include the genera Akanthophoreus, Chauliopleona, Mimicarhaphura, Parakanthophoreus gen. nov., Paraleptognathia, Stenotanais, and Tumidochelia, while Gejavis is removed. Akanthophoreus and Paraleptognathia are redefined and now consist of only four and two species respectively. The remaining species previously assigned to these genera are transferred to a new genus Parakanthophoreus. A key to the genera of the family is presented. Two new species of Chauliopleona, C. ciimari and C. andeepi, and one of Parakanthophoreus, P. greenwichius, are described from the ANDEEP I-III and ANDEEP-SYSTCO material.

A new species of Paratanais Dana, 1852, Paratanais coelhoi sp. nov., is described and new records for Paradoxapseudes intermedius (Hansen, 1895), Intermedichelia gracilis Guţu, 1996, Vestigiramus sp., Nototanoides cf. trifurcatus Sieg and Heard, 1985, Biarticulata sp. and Arhaphuroides sp. are provided from northeastern Brazil based on collections from the REVIZEE-NE Program. This raises the number of tanaidacean species from the Brazilian coast from 45 to 49. Paratanais coelhoi sp. nov. shares morphological features such as habitus shape, maxilliped palp setation, and cheliped proportions with P. oculatus (Vanhöffen, 1914), P. martinsi Bamber and Costa, 2009, P. tara Bird, 2011 and P. euelpis Barnard, 1920. The new species can, however, be distinguished by a unique combination of characters including: pleonites 1-4 with lateral circumplumose setae while the 5th with simple seta only; antennule article 1 stout; cheliped propodus with one specialized outer 'S'-shaped broad seta; pereopod 1 merus length with 1.7 times as long as wide; pereopod 2 merus without ventral spiniform seta; uropodal endopod biarticulate, exopod uniarticulate as well as other characters.