No abstract

The solubilities of 2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromenylium-3,5,7-triol (delphinidin) in water, methanol, ethanol, and acetone have been measured spectrophotometrically at various temperatures ranging from (298 to 343) K under atmospheric pressure. Delphinidin is most soluble in methanol, followed by water, ethanol, and acetone at all measured temperatures. The experimental data were correlated using the modified Apelblat equation. The calculated solubilities for all solvents showed good agreement with the experimental data in the temperature range studied.

In addition to the presence of antinutrients, the inferior physicochemical properties of flours has caused gadung (Dioscorea hispida dennst) becomes one of the underutilized tubers in the world. Acetylation is one of the starch modification methods to alter the physicochemical properties of starch, namely swelling power and solubility. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of reaction time, glacial acetic acid/flour mass ratio and pH on gadung flour acetylation at ambient temperature. The acetylation was carried out by reacting gadung flour slurry of 20 % consistency with glacial acetic acid under alkaline condition. The results show that in general degree of substitution and swelling power increased with the increase of reaction time, while the solubility was not affected by reaction time after 10 min acetylation. Acetylation led to significant changes in morphology and structure of gadung flour starch granules. Overall, all the acetylated gadung flours obtained in this work were having higher swelling power and solubility than the native flour. Acetylation of gadung flour using glacial acetic acid with 1:3 mass ratio and pH 8.0 at ambient temperature for 30 min resulted gadung flours with swelling power and solubility similar to that of Korean wheat flour.

The effect of temperature on the physical properties of fresh noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) juice with three different solid concentrations (5, 10, and 15°Brix) was investigated. The flow behaviour index (n) and thermal conductivity (k) were found to increase with the increase in temperature. On the other hand, the juice density (ρ) and consistency coefficient (K) were found to decrease with increasing temperature. The increase in solid concentration leads to increase juice density and consistency coefficient, but reduce flow behaviour index and thermal conductivity. The experimental data were then correlated with temperature and solid concentration using nonlinear regression equations or empirical models. It was found that the physical properties calculated using proposed equations agree well with the experimental data with coefficient of determinations (R 2 ) ranged from 0.9897 to 0.9998.

Chicken bone is a waste of chicken meat processing industry and restaurants that has not been used widely, even though it contains valuable organic compounds that are functionals, such as collagenous and non collagenous protein. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature and particle size on the protein extraction from chicken bones using dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Controlled parameters in this study were the solvent in the form of sodium hydroxide solution, extraction time for 1 hour, pH 10.5, the ratio of chicken bone powder: solvent (1:4 w/v), and stirring speed 200 rpm. While the operating variables included the extraction temperature of 30oC, 55oC, and 80oC, and particle size of 150 and 250 μm. Experiments were carried out by heating of 300 mL of sodium hydroxide solution with pH 10.5 in a three-necked flask equipped with Leibig condenser, thermometer, mechanical agitator and sampling device to reach the desired temperature (30oC, 55oC, and 80oC). Then, a total of 75 g of chicken bone powders with desired particle size (150μm and 250μm) was introduced into the sodium hydroxide solution and the stirrer was operated at speed of 200rpm. At every 10 minutes interval, as much as 10 mL samples were withdrawn for total protein analysis using Lowry-Folin method. The experiment was terminated after 1 hour. The results show that both increase in temperature and particle size caused an increase in the amount of extracted protein. Highest concentration of protein extracted was achieved at 630.99 mg/L, when the extraction was carried out using 250mm bone particles and temperature 80oC.