Precocious puberty is the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8 years in girls (onset of thelarche) and 9 years in boys (increase in testicular volume). 1 Clinical and biochemical assessment is directed at determining whether the underlying process is gonadotrophin-dependent (central precocious puberty (CPP)), associated with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, or gonadotrophin-independent (peripheral precocious puberty (PPP)) which is char-acterised by elevated sex steroids but low gonadotrophin levels. Although less common, the clinical consequences of PPP are no less severe, and the diagnosis is crucial to ensure appropriate management. 2 The inherited forms of PPP include non-salt wasting forms of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) and familial male-limited precocious puberty. Acquired PPP occurs secondary to exposure to endogenous (eg. adrenal, gonadal or other malignancies) or exogenous sex ster-oids. 3 We present cases of siblings with virilisation from transder-mal exposure to 'bioidentical' testosterone (bioT). Case Reports The siblings were a 5-year 9-month old boy (Patient 1, PT1) and his 4-year 6-month old sister (Patient 2, PT2). PT1 was referred for concerns regarding increasing aggression and onset of masturbatory behaviour. There had also been gradual phallic enlargement, development of pubic and axillary hair and acceleration in growth velocity over a period of 18 months. There were no associated headaches, visual disturbances or abdominal, pelvic or scrotal/tes-ticular pain. There was no family history of pubertal disorders. Paternal pubertal timing was concordant with his peers. Maternal menarche occurred at age 11 years and she did not report men-strual irregularities or difficulties conceiving her two children. The marriage was non-consanguineous. The father was a keen cyclist. His libido was described as 'out of control' by his wife. On examination, PT1 had no cutaneous stigmata or increased pigmentation , his blood pressure was within the age-specific range, there were no abdominal or pelvic masses, and his neurological examination was unremarkable. His height was >97th percentile, weight >97th percentile. He had Tanner stage 3 genital (G3) development with increased scrotal size and rugosity, and a stretch penile length of 8.5 cm (>90th percentile) (Fig. 1). He had Tanner stage 2-3 pubic hair (PH2-3), and some early axillary hair (A1-2). His testicular volumes were pre-pubertal (2 mL on the left and 2-3 mL on the right). During the consultation, the parents revealed that PT2 had also developed emotional lability and onset of pubic hair development. Her examination revealed Tan-ner stage 2 pubic hair (PH2), no axillary hair (A1) and obvious clitoral enlargement. There was no evidence of thelarche (breast Tanner stage 1, B1). Both PT1 and PT2 had significant advancement in skeletal maturity on bone age assessment. The clinical, biochemical and radiological features of the two cases are sum-marised in Table 1....