In this current contribution, we provide a detailed investigation into the photochemistry and the free radical photoinitiating reactivity of LED light-sensitive photoinitiators (PIs). This series was designed on the basis of a judicious association of a carbazole-coumarin fused subunit and an O-acyl-α-oxooxime branch, which integrates an N−O photocleavable bond. Within this molecular framework, several substitution changes affecting specifically two distinctive sites of the oxime group have been proposed to rationalize some relevant structure−reactivity relationships. We show that the photobleaching rates of the oxime esters (OXEs) are clearly influenced by an ethyl-to-isopropyl substitution effect on the oxime methine carbon whereas the photoinitiating efficiency is mainly driven by a O-benzyl-to-O-acetyl substitution change. Of particular interest, we show that the photoinitiating efficiencies of these OXEs largely depart from their respective absorption spectra in such manner that their photopolymerization performance can be amplified by more than 2 orders of magnitude between 365 and 425 nm LED irradiation. This effect clearly outperforms the photoinitiating efficiency of the commercially available Irgacure OXE-02 oxime ester used as a reference. In the proposed mechanism that accounts for this original wavelength-dependent photopolymerization property, we highlighted the role of an imine-based transient species whose reactivity toward the acrylate monomer can be phototriggered promoting thereby an alternative competing reaction sequence.

The main lipids isolated from Frateuria aurantia (DSMZ 6220) are iso-branched fatty acids and triterpenoids of the hopane family like bacteriohopanetetrol and derived hopanoids, beside trace amounts of diploptene and rearranged compounds like fern-7-ene. The impact of the growth temperature and the growth phase in which cells were harvested on this lipid fingerprint was investigated. As expected, an increase of saturated compounds with temperature is the essential modification in the fatty acid composition. The fatty acid composition also varies significantly during the growth. Global lipid fingerprints, including at least PLFA and triterpenoids are suggested to be a tool for measuring the stress state of bacterial cells. Increasing amounts of C-31 hydroxylated hopanoids with a temperature increase is novel information which deserves attention and further investigation for a better comprehension of the physiological significance of modifications conditioned obviously by environmental changes.

For all these reasons, the goal of this work was to investigate plants affected by E and A, 101 through analyzing physiological perturbations on both herbaceous and woody samples in a 102 same plant. We focused on phenylpropanoid pathway by analysing the total phenolic 103 compounds, the stilbene content and the expression of 9 related genes. The expression of 11 104 stress defense response genes and 2 water-stress related genes as well as the abscisic acid 105 quantification were also performed. Moreover, known fungal metabolites such as 6-106 methylsalicyclic acid, terremutin, scytalone, isosclerone, (R)-mellein and (3R,4R)-4-107 hydroxymellein were quantified to characterize the fungus-plant interaction. 108 considered as E plants. Four groups of samples were defined for green stems: C (stems from 120 control plants), A and E (symptomatic stems from apoplectic (A) and Esca proper (E)-121 affected plants) and aS (asymptomatic stems from A and E plants) (Fig. 1). In woody tissues, 122 2 types of samples were studied: asymptomatic and black streaked wood. Black streaking 123 consists of single or more xylem vessels gathered into individual blackish brown bundles 124 Other fungi associated with grapevine trunk diseases, such as Botryophaeriaceae species and 138 E. lata were also isolated. In the opposite, no fungi were detected from either non discolored 139 wood of trunk and cordons, or discolored and non-discolored woody tissues of one-year-old 140 stems, as well as from green stems of control or diseased plants (Spagnolo et al. 2012). 109 MATERIAL AND METHODS 110 Plant material 111 RNA extraction 143Total RNA was isolated from 2 × 50 mg of powdered green stem tissues and 3 × 50 mg of 144 woody tissues (cordon and trunk) using the Plant RNA Purification Reagent (Invitrogen, 145Cergy Pontoise, France). The RNA pellet was re suspended in 20 µL of RNase-free water, 146 then treated with RQ1 DNase enzyme (Promega) and quantified by measuring the absorbance 147 at 260 nm following manufacturer's instructions. 148 149 Real-time RT-PCR analysis of gene expression 150In total, 150 ng of total RNA were reverse-transcribed using the Verso SYBR 2-step QRT 151 ROX enzyme (ABgene, Surrey, UK) according to the manufacturer's protocol. PCR 152