Incipient Randall plaque is frequent. It appears not only at the extreme tip of the renal papillae around the hairpin structure of the loop of Henle but also around the vasa recta. Nanoscale analyses suggest a local nucleation process promoting nanocrystal growth in a supersaturated milieu. In addition, plaques contain various calcium and magnesium phosphates, and not only carbonated apatite.

The ethyl oxazole-4-carboxylate was directly and regioselectively alkenylated, benzylated and alkylated with alkenyl-, benzyl-, allyl- and alkyl halides in the presence of catalytic amounts of palladium acetate with caesium carbonate using Buchwald's JohnPhos ligand.